• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.7-14
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• 2017

Objectives: This study evaluated the effect of aqueous extract from roots of Siberian ginseng on mTORC1 pathway. Methods: mTORC1 activity was measured by the phosphorylation status of p70 S6 kinase (S6K) in HeLa cells as well as the brain, liver and muscle tissues in diabetic db/db mice. Autophagy induction after the treatment of Siberian ginseng extract was evaluated by monitoring the conversion of cytoplasmic LC3I into lipidated LC3II in cultured human HeLa GFP-LC3 cells. Cell cycle analysis was performed in HeLa cells treated with Siberian ginseng using flow cytometry. Results: Among >2,800 plant products used for oriental medicine, Siberian ginseng was found to inhibit mTORC1 to phosphorylate S6 kinsase (S6K) in HeLa cells as well as the brain, liver and muscle tissues in diabetic db/db mice. Siberian ginseng-mediated mTORC1 activity was reversible unlike the prolonged suppression of mTORC1 by rapamycin when HeLa cells were grown in fresh media after the removal of the inhibitors. Siberian ginseng extract at concentrations to inhibit mTORC1 was not overly cytotoxic in cultured HeLa cells whereas rapamycin was obviously cytotoxic. The conversion of cytoplasmic LCI into lipidated LCII was increased by fivefold in HeLa GFP-LC3 cells treated with Siberian ginseng extract. Progression of cell cycle was attenuated at G2/M phase by the treatment of Siberian ginseng extract. Conclusions: These results suggest that the aqueous extract of Siberian ginseng possibly plays a good therapeutic role in various diseases involving mTORC1 signaling.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.33
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• pp.175-188
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• 1997

the main purpose of this study was to inves-tigate the consumer dissatisfaction and com-plaining behavior in purchase and use by con-sumer value. The subjects participated this study were 204 female students. They were classified into 3 groups by important degree of instrumental value which is one of the 2 value categories that divided by the Rokeach. In order to assess consumer dissatishaction in purchase and use of clothing by those groups. The Clothing Purchase Dissatisfaction Inventory was used and The Consumer Complaining Behavior Inventory was adapted to asses consumer complaining behavior. The Clothing Purchase Dissatisfaction Inventory has 4 subscales(Price related factor Produt and Quality related factor Information and Service related factor Purchase decision-mak-ing related factor)and The Consumer Complaining behavior Inventory consisted in 3 subscales(Do nothing Private complaining Public complaining) Using SAS package in order to examine Clothing Purchase Dissatisfaction Inventory scores anaslysis of variance (MANOVA) was excuted And turkety test a kind of post-hoc multiple comparisons methods was adapted to compare Clothing Purchase Dissatisfaction In-ventory scores of each groups. in order to in-vestigate consumer complaining behavior by each groups and grade major pocket money a month the mean purchse price of clothing a month x2-test Frequency Percent were executed. Conclusion eached in this study are as fol-low: 1. Each group had differences in price re-lated factor Product nad Quality related fac-tor Information and Service related factor ex-cept Purchase decision -making related factor Groups which made much of value tend to dis-satisfy in price related facor Product and Quality related factor Information and Service related factor. 2. Group that made much of value had more high scores in private complaining complainto third party and the middle group had more high scores in private complaining . Group made little of value tended to do nothing. 3. Grade major pocket money a monty the mean purchase price of clothing a month didn't have difference signficantly in consumer behavior. but major had difference on private complaining.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1535-1548
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• 2004

Condensation heat transfer experiments were conducted with the oblong shell and plate heat exchanger without oil in a refrigerant loop using R-l34a, R-407C and R-410A. An experimental refrigerant loop has been developed to measure the condensation heat transfer coefficient h$_{r}$ and frictional pressure drop $\Delta$p$_{f}$ of the various refrigerants in a vertical oblong shell and plate heat exchanger. The effects of the refrigerant mass flux(40∼80kg/$m^2$s), average heat flux(4∼8kW/$m^2$), refrigerant saturation temperature(30∼4$0^{\circ}C$) and vapor quality of refrigerants on the measured data were explored in detail. Similar to the case of a plate heat exchanger, even at a very low Reynolds number, the flow in the oblong shell and plate heat exchanger remains turbulent. A comparison of the performance of the various refrigerants revealed that R-410A had the highest heat transfer performance followed by R-l34a, and R-407C had the lowest performance of the refrigerants tested. The pressure drops were also reported in this paper. The pressure drops for R-410A were approximately 45% lower than those of R-l34a. R-407C had 30% lower pressure drops than R-l34a. Experimental results were compared with several correlations which predicted condensation heat transfer coefficients and frictional pressure drops. Comparison with the experimental data showed that the previously proposed correlations gave unsatisfactory results. Based on the present data, empirical correlations of the condensation heat transfer coefficient and the friction factor were proposed.tor were proposed.sed.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.79-88
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• 2016

A derelict bridge called WoljungGyo is being restored in Gyeongju, the capital city of ancient Silla. WoljungGyo was originally built in 760AD, and later rebuilt in 1280AD during the Goryeo Kingdom. The bridge lasted in working condition for at least 520 years. The bridge was uncovered to the remains of both abutments and four piers, with only one or two steps remaining. The provenance of the WoljungGyo stone relics was investigated to decide the type of stone for the restoration works. Field survey were carried out in the whole area of Gyeongju-Si with petrological investigation for the stone relics. Results of the study present that Namsan granite was used in those days for building of the WoljungGyo. It is seems that the used stones were obtained from tor or core stone around the Tongil-jeon and Tap-gok area in the east side of Mt. Namsan.

• Archives of design research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2000

This study is to implement the search system of human sensibility ergonomics in the internet shopping mall, which is a the electronic commerce in the contemporary as a shopping culture on the internet. Instead a category of business, an item, cost & size is using the keyword of a search in a existing shopping mall, the research is accomplished the center of system selecting products by the sensitivity feeling in products. The search system chooses the proper item and makes database with the sensible vocabulary for its image and then searches the item chosen by customers with keywords of the vocabulary after constructing web-server on the internet. This study - systematizes customers' sensible needs with more practical ways. - recognize the customers' sense on items and provides the applied technology conditions tor customers. - gives more opportunities of choice to customers on the internet shopping mall. - supplies various information and approaches to the customers' needs with practice.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.165-172
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• 2015

Under a very tough situation that there has been increasing concern to the air quality in underground subway spaces, this study set sights on the thorough estimation of the chemical properties and source apportionment of particulate matter (PM) collected on an underground subway platform by a cooperative approach of semi-bulk and single particle analyses. The size-resolved PMs were intensively collected on the platform of Miasageori station on the Seoul Subway Line-4, and then, they were semibulkily analyzed by a PIXE and the TOR$^{(R)}$ method, and individually analyzed by a SEM-EDX. Overwhelmingly enriched iron was a notable feature of elemental concentration of $PM_{2.5}$. Source classification of iron in $PM_{10-2.5}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ performed along with their elemental concentrations, indicates that the railway originated iron accounts for 95.71% and 66.39% of total iron in $PM_{10-2.5}$ and $PM_{2.5}$, respectively. Via a stoichiometric categorization, $Fe_2O_3$, $CaAl_2Si_2O_8$, $Al_2O_3$, and $CaCO_3$ show more than 85% abundance ratio in individual coarse particles. The result of theoretical estimation of the subway derived organic carbon ($OC_{Subway}$) suggests that $OC_{Subway}$ in $PM_1$ and $PM_{2.5-1}$ account for 75.86% and 51.88% of total organic carbon, respectively.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.305-314
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• 1990

In this paper we have implemented and tested TPN which is system to supply sufficent nutrition to nutritionally deficient patient by means of ES (expert system) a kind of A.1 (artificial intelligence) . This system affords to evaluation of nutritional state of patient which is essential to physi- cian. who performs TPN, decision of performing TPN and management of patient-data & calculation of information needing to making TPN fluid. The features were as follolv 1. we input data, take ideal weight of patient and 24hr's creatlnln In urine according to chart in system compare TSF (triceps skin fold), MAC (mid-arm circumference), AMC (arm muscle circumference) to 5th, 15th, 50th percentile and evaluate the nutritional state of patient. 2. Calculation of protein & nonprotein calorie needing to treament of patient can be made exactly by stress factor, activity factor and body temperature. 3. patient's personal recording needing to management of patient date name of chief doc- tor, name of department of admission, chart number, history can by taken very easily. 4. The way of system operating is pull-down Menu one, It can be processing very efficiently. 5. Date processing in system, we can manage memory volume of computer verlr efficiently using of dynamic allocation variables. 6. We can make it very easy to edit & revise the input data, processed data is saved to diskette in 2 files (TDF, THF) , these are semipermanent preservation.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.427-436
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to analyze the concurrent treatment effects of ursolic acid (UA) and low-intensity treadmill exercise and to confirm the effectiveness of UA as an exercise mimetic to safely improve muscle atrophy-related diseases using Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with skeletal muscle atrophy. Significant muscle atrophy was induced in male SD rats through hind limb immobilization using casting for 10 days. The muscle atrophy-induced SD rats were group into four: SED, sedentary; UA, daily intraperitoneal UA injection, 5 mg/kg; EX, low-intensity (10-12 m/min, $0^{\circ}$ grade) treadmill exercise; and UEX, daily intraperitoneal UA injection, 5 mg/kg, and low-intensity (10-12 m/min, $0^{\circ}$ grade) treadmill exercise. After 8 weeks of treatment, endurance capacity was analyzed using a treadmill, and tissues were extracted for analysis of visceral fat mass, body weight, muscle mass, expression of muscle atrophy- and hypertrophy-related genes, and endurance capacity. Although the effects of body weight gain control, muscle mass increase, and endurance capacity improvement were inadequate in the UA group, significant results were confirmed in the UEX group. The UEX group had significantly reduced body weight and visceral fat, significantly improved mass of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles, and significantly decreased atrophy-related gene expression of MuRF1 and atrogin-1, but did not have significant change in hypertrophy-related gene expression of Akt and mTOR. The endurance capacity was significantly improved in the EX and UEX groups. These data suggest that concurrent treatment with low-intensity exercise and UA is effective for atrophy-related physical dysfunctions.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2013

Background The aim of this investigation was to systematically review the current literature to provide the best data for indications, outcomes, survival, and complication rates of pedicled propeller perforator flaps for upper body defects. Methods A comprehensive literature review for articles published from January 1991 to December 2011 was performed using the PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane Databases. Articles without available full-text, single case reports or papers with excessive missing data were excluded. Papers reporting pedicle-perforator (propeller) flaps used for lower extremity reconstruction were excluded from meta-analysis. Results From the initial 1,736 studies our search yielded, 343 studies qualified for the second stage of selection. Of 117 full-text reports screened, 41 studies, met the definitive inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of the selected 41 articles, 26 were case series, original papers or retrospective reviews and were included, whereas 15 were case report papers and therefore were excluded. Two hundred ninety-five propeller flaps were reported to have been used in a total of 283 patients. Indications include repair of trauma-induced injuries, post-trauma revision surgery, cancer resection, chronic infection, pressure sores, and chronic ulcers with a major complication rate (3.3%) comparable to that of free flaps. No specific exclusion criteria for the procedure were presented in the studies reviewed. Conclusions Pedicled propeller flaps are a versatile and safe reconstructive option that are easy and quick to raise and that provide unlimited clinical solutions because of the theoretical possibility of harvesting them based on any perforator chosen among those classified in the body.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.609-617
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• 2017

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal and aggressive cancers in the world. However, no effective treatment is currently available for pancreatic cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the anti-pancreatic cancer effect of ${\alpha}$-mangostin (${\alpha}M$) and ${\gamma}$-mangostin (${\gamma}M$) extracted from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L.. Both ${\alpha}$M and ${\gamma}M$ reduced the viability of pancreatic cancer cells MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 in a dose-dependent manner. These compounds induced apoptosis by increasing c-PARP and c-Caspase 3 levels. They also induced autophagy by increasing levels of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3II) in both cell lines while decreasing sequestosome 1 (p62) in MIA PaCa-2. Both ${\alpha}$M and ${\gamma}M$ induced autophagy through increasing phosphorylation levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and p38-mitogen activated protein kinase (p-p38) while decreasing phosphorylation level of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (p-mTOR). Of various microRNAs (miRNA), miR-18a was found to be a putative regulatory miRNA for autophagy induced by ${\alpha}$M or ${\gamma}M$. In combination with gemcitabine, a compound frequently used in pancreatic cancer treatment, ${\alpha}$M and ${\gamma}M$ showed synergistic anti-cancer effects in MIA PaCa-2. Collectively, these results suggest that ${\alpha}$M and ${\gamma}M$ can induce apoptosis and autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells and that their anti-cancer effect is likely to be associated with miR-18a. In conclusion, ${\alpha}$M and ${\gamma}M$ might be used as a potential new therapy for pancreatic cancer.