• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.13-21
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• 2011

The present study investigated the effects of two different sources of prosodic strengthening, i.e., boundary and accent, in the articulation of English high front vowels, /i/ and /I/. The vowels were investigated in vowel-initial ('eat' vs. 'it'), /h/-initial ('heat' vs. 'hit') and /p/-initial words ('Pete' vs. 'pit'), which were placed in varying prosodic conditions. Using Electromagnetic Articulograph (EMA), the tongue dorsum positions in the x and y dimensions, the lip opening and the jaw opening (lowering) were measured. With respect to the boundary-induced strengthening, results showed that /i/ and /I/ in vowel-initial words ('eat' - 'it') are produced with a higher tongue position in the domain-intial than domain-medial positions. The fact that the vowels only in the vowel-initial condition showed the domain-intial strengthening (DIS) effect suggests that the DIS effect is localized mainly to the initial position (the locality account). As for the accent-induced strengthening, vowels were produced with a more fronted tongue position and larger lip opening in accented than unaccented positions. This suggests that the presence of accent increases overall sonority of the vowels in various prosodic contexts, and enhances primarily the frontedness of the front high vowels. Taken together, the results indicate that the two types of prosodic strengthening are articulatorily realized differently, supporting the view that they are encoded separately in the speech planning process. The present study also showed the distinction between the two high front vowels in the tongue position (in both the frontedness and the height dimensions), while the jaw did not seem to contribute to the distinction robustly, suggesting that the tongue contributes more in distinguishing the two vowels than the jaw does.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.829-837
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• 2006

Halitosis, defined as an unpleasant oral odor, is a commonly experienced condition with a variety of etiological factors and may cause a significant social or psychological handicap to those suffering from it, In most cases, halitosis originates within the oral cavity itself and patients with periodontal disease often suffer from oral malodor, The most common cause of this disease is related to microbiota which reside on the tongue and in the periodontal pocket, This study was undertaken to examine the effect of full mouth disinfection including tongue scraping on oral malodor in a group of patients with chronic periodontitis, The relationship between halitosis and oral health status was also investigated, The volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) scores were significantly correlated with Plaque Index, Bleeding Index, pocket depth, and tongue coating score, The organoleptic ratings were significantly associated with Plaque Index, Bleeding Index. and tongue coating score, The VSC scores and organoleptic ratings correlated strongly with each other. Full mouth disinfection resulted in a significant reduction in the VSC scores. organoleptic ratings, and self-perception of malodor up to 12 weeks, This study indicates that in patients with chronic periodontitis. a full mouth disinfection including tongue scraping has a significant effect in the treatment of oral malodor.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.14-20
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• 2016

Purpose Tongue cancer is 1.8% of all cancer tumors occur in the tongue, it is known that the high incidence enough to account for 75% of oral cancer conducted a PET / CT examination for early diagnosis, metastasis, staging, etc. and. Tongue when PET / CT scan of a cancer patient and a Torso taken to close mouth lesions if the condition was caused due to the overlapping or corresponding artifacts are not clearly observed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the changes that occur during PET / CT scan with open mouth and its usefulness under. Materials and Methods From June 2015 to March 2016 complained of herein by May 21 had received a diagnosis of tongue cancer underwent PET / CT scan patients were treated with a target (16 males, 5 female). The first was taken to close mouth Torso state, it was taken to add 1 bed open mouth condition. Tumor (T), measuring the Normal Tongue (NT), Lymph Node (LN) standard intake coefficient by setting a region of interest in the (standardized uptake value, SUV) SUVmean, the average value was measured SUVmax, drawn to each region of interest 3 times and Background (Carotid artery) was out of the SUV. In Chapter 3 of the slice to the tumor clearly visible by setting the region of interest to measure the change Tumor size was calculated average value. Gross Image resolution assessment were analyzed statistically through were divided into 1-5 points by the Radiation 7 people in 2, more than five years worked in specialized nuclear medicine compare to proceed with the blind test nonparametric test (wilcoxon signed rank test). (SPSS ver.18) Results $SUV_{mean}$ T's were in close mouth $5.01{\pm}2.70$ with open mouth $5.48{\pm}2.88$ (P<0.05), $SUV_{max}$ were respectively $8.78{\pm}5.55$ and $9.70{\pm}5.99$ (P<0.05). $SUV_{mean}$ in the NT were respectively $0.43{\pm}0.30$ and $0.34{\pm}0.24$ (P=0.20), $SUV_{max}$ was $0.56{\pm}0.34$ and $0.45{\pm}0.25$ (P=0.204). LN $SUV_{mean}$ were respectively $1.62{\pm}1.43$ and $1.69{\pm}1.49$ (P=0.161), $SUV_{mean}$ was $2.09{\pm}1.88$ and $1.99{\pm}1.74$ (P=0.131). Tumor size change is close mouth $4.96{\pm}4.66cm^2$ $5.33{\pm}4.64cm^2$ with 7.45% increase was (P<0.05), gross image resolution evaluation is $2.87{\pm}0.73$, $3.77{\pm}0.68$ with open mouth examinations 30.5% increase was (P<0.05). Conclusion Tumor SUV on the changes that had an increase in open mouth during inspection, the normal tongue and lymph node, but there was no significant difference in the change slightly. It is also one open mouth PET / CT scan will provide improved image to all patients with tongue cancer, but it could be confirmed that similar overall through the blind test, or tumor size changes and showing a high resolution image. It can be the perfect alternative method for problems that occur when the close mouth Open mouth PET / CT scan, but is believed to be through the open mouth to observe the boundary of overlapping or tumor of the oral cavity other structures a little more clearly. Tongue cancer patients how to recommend that the shooting further open mouth PET / CT.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.647-657
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• 2001

In the oriental medicine field, researches have been in progress regarding oriental medical factors. I also carried out a clinical study on stroke, from which I discovered meaningful results about important factors that impact on the prognosis of stroke. We studied 132 patients after diagnosis of stroke through a Brain-CT scan and MRI sea, to the oriental internal medicine department at the Hospital affiliated to Oriental Medical College, Dongeui University. All the patients showed meaningful improvement in the examination of their symptoms after four weeks, compared with the first week. Between strokes involving meridian system and strokes involving internal organs, the symptom of paralysis caused by strokes involving meridian system, which patients were in favorable initial condition, had improved significantly and that by strokes involving internal organs had not. The group whose initial bowel movement since the stroke was delayed, whose coating on the tongue was thick or the tongue was dry, whose pulse was tachycardiac, or who had a history of hypertension or diabetics showed a significantly worse symptom after 4 weeks than that of groups in the opposite cases.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.252-259
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• 2004

Objectives : Halitosis is a common human condition, exact pathophysiological mechanisms of which are unclear. This study, which investigates halitosis patients' characteristics and their related factors, was done with intent to establish a foundation for the Oriental Medical treatment of halitosis. Methods : 329 patients were surveyed by reviewing medical charts and questionnaires from the East-West Halitosis Clinic of Kyunghee Medical Center from May 1, 2001 to December 31, 2002. Sex, age, illness duration, coating on the tongue, postnasal drip, globus pharyngeus, indigestion, condition of feces, halimeter measurements and results of the salivary scans were analyzed. Results : The thick and yellowish coating on the tongue was not a major cause of halitosis in the patients studied. Among the halitosis patients, 21.6% complained of postnasal drip, 15.6% of globus pharyngeus, 37.4% of indigestion, and 23.8% of diarrhea or constipation, suggesting the possibility of extra-oral origin in oral malodor. Conclusions : This study suggests that, when treating halitosis patients, intra-oral causes of halitosis aside, Oriental Medical treatments such as solving qi-stasis(氣鬱), augmenting deficiency of the spleen qi(碑氣虛) and treating gastric fever(胃熱) constitute effective management for oral malodor patients.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.138-147
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• 2000

Objectives and Method : In this study, I have investigated what kind of primary factors detennine the apoplexy prognosis, and the method of the function assessment about the apoplexy by inquiry into the literature on this subject Results and Conclusions : 1. The primary factors to have an effect upon the appoplexy are : the location of Pungsa; whether five organs ki is existent or not; pulse feeling; tongue condition; whether or not the patient produces stool or urine; for males, the left side; for females, the right side ; whether or not the patient sweats; consciousness; vital signs; and the region and size of disease and brain hernia. 2. MBI is often used because it is considered to be objective, simple, and highly reliable. But its absence of a legal recognition assessment is a major incongruence. 3. Inclusive and standard assessment are key points in the reinforecement by AM of legal recognition assessment, but it takes a lot of time and is not endowed with adding an extra weight and is vague to the division between the communication and social recognition grade. 4. AI is useful and easy to evaluate the mental ability, the capacity for locomotion and the daily activities inclusively.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.142-153
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• 2008

Objective : Etiologically, stress is a important factor to immune system and skin disease. Human body is controled to keep his homeostasis from stress by autonomic nerve system. So we investigated autonomic nerve balance and stress level of patients with skin disease by heart rate variability(HRV) test. Research Methods and Procedures : Fifty two patient(from 15 years old to 35 years old) who visited Dept. of Oriental medical Dermatology, Kyunghee university at first and had an examination by HRV test, were selected as the subject of our study. We checked items of HRV test(such as SDNN, RMSSD, VLF, LF, HF, TP, norm-LF, norm-HF, LF/HF ratio, LnHF and LnHF), and analyzed time and frequency domain by sex, age, onset, color on end of patient's tongue, sweating and sleep condition. Results and Conclusion : Men showed significant higher SDNN, RMSSD, LF, norm-LF, norm-HF, LF/HF ratio, LnLF and LnHF than women(p <0.05). Patients who were attacked by skin disease within 6 months, showed significant higher TP and VLF than over 6 months(p <0.05). Patients with normal color on the end of their tongue showed significant higher TP and VLF than with flare color. We analyzed correlation to color on the end of tongue and RMSSD. Prevalence risk(RMSSD <20ms) in the case of normal color on the end of tongue was 5 times as high as in the case of flare color(p <0.1). And we analyzed correlation to age and LF/HF ratio. Prevalence risk(LF/HF ratio <1) of patients from 15 years old to 25 years old was 1.467 times as high as from 26 years old to 35 years old(p <0.1).

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.69-73
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• 1975

This is case report of true class III malocclusion with macroglossia is corrected by glossectomy in 13 years female patient. After orthodontic treatment, the patient is bound to glossectomy because the corrected condition is relapsed to the previous condition due to relatively enlarged tongue compared with the original dental arch. By the interpretation of the cephalogram and model analysis, it is approved that the growth pattern and direction are normal range and mandible is located anterioly to the cranium. The results are follows: 1. We could treat the true Cl III malocclusion. 2. We could prevent the relapse of the treated condition by the surgical intervention, such as partial glossectomy. 3. Sensory, speech, swallowing and so other functions after the operation have been with in normal limit without any serious complications or seguellae.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.405-410
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• 1999

A 7 month old male shepherd was presented with anorexia, diarrhea, and salivation, and euthanized due to no clinical improvement. Grossly, ulcers were seen on ventral surface of tongue and stomach. The mineralization was obvious in the intercostal space, lung and inner surface of aorta. Kidney was pale, firm and irregular. Histopathology confirmed uremic pneumonitis, end stage kidney and hyperplasia of parathyroid. This case was the typical uremic condition of juvenile dog, which was characterized the diffuse soft tissue mineralization due to hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic renal failure.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.287-289
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• 2008

본 논문은 개인의 혀영상을 이용한 건강 모니터링 방법을 제안한다. 이 방법은 혀의 절대적 특징들을 이용하지 않고, 병원에서 검진된 기준 건강 상태(reference health condition)와의 차이인 상대적 특징들을 사용한다. 사용자는 건강 모니터링 시스템으로 매일 혀영상을 촬영하여 전통 중의학에 기반한 관심영역을 추출하고 분석하도록 한다. 실험에서 1개월간 제안한 방법으로 혀영상들을 분석한 결과 본 논문의 방법이 건강 모니터링에 사용될 수 있음을 보였다.