• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 1994

We investigated the alterations in basal tone of aortic strips by changing the Ca concentration, basal $^{45}Ca$ uptake and $^3H-nitrendipine$ binding of the single cells of aortic smooth muscles in the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. While the basal tone of the aortic strips in WKY rats was not affected by alteration of Ca concentration, that in SHR was decreased by the removal of Ca from the bath solution and was recovered by the restoration of Ca to normal levels. This contraction increased in a Ca concentration-dependent manner and reached a maximum at 2 mM Ca. The basal tone of aorta in SHR was suppressed by verapamil $(10^{-6}M)$. The basal tone of aorta in SHR increased about 50% in the strips of endothelial rubbing, compared with that of intact endothelium. Basal $^{45}Ca$ uptake in the aortic single smooth muscle cells of SHR was greater than that of WKY (p<0.01), Specific bindings of $[^3H]nitrendipine$ in the aortic single smooth muscles of SHR and WKY were saturable. The dissociation constant $(K_d)\;was\;0.71{\pm}0.15\;and\;1.18{\pm}0.08nM$ SHR, respectively, and the difference in $K_d$ between two strains was statistically significant (p<0.03). The maximal binding capacity $(B_{max})\;was\;34.6{\pm}3.2\;and\;47.4{\pm}4.3\;fmol/10^6$ SHR respectively, and the difference of $(B_{max})$ between two strains was statistically significant (p<0.05). from the above results, it is suggested that the increase of Ca influx via potential-operated Ca channels and the increase of the number of dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca channels contribute to high basal tone of the aortic strips in SHR.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제34권5A호
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• pp.363-371
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• 2009

OFDM(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing)은 높은 데이터 전송률과 고속의 데이터 전송에 매우 효과적인 시스템이다. 그러나 높은 PAPR(peak to average power ratio) 때문에 송신기의 비선형 HPA(high power amplifier)에서 비선형 왜곡이 되어 통신성능이 매우 나빠진다. 본 논문에서는 통신 성능을 개선하기 위하여 비선형 왜곡에 의한 IMD(inter-modulation distortion)를 저감 기법을 기반으로 하는 톤 제어 방식의 CI/OFDM(tone-controlled carrier interferometry orthogonal frequency division multiplexing)을 제안한다. 톤 제어 방식의 CI/OFDM 시스템은 CI/OFDM 시스템의 각 데이터 심볼마다 추가로 컨트롤 톤을 삽입하여 비선형의 영향을 미치는 PAPR과 IMD를 감소시켜 비선형에 보다 잘 대처할 수 있는 방법이다. 그러므로, PAPR 저감을 기반으로 한 기존의 방법보다 BER(bit error rate) 성능을 더 향상시킴을 보인다.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.111-119
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• 2020

PURPOSE: In adults with hamstring tightness, stretching is considered a therapeutic exercise that improves flexibility. However, previous studies have reported efficacy of numerous methods, and are inconclusive in determining the most effective stretching techniques. This study aims to compare the outcomes of Evjenth-Hamberg stretching (E-HS), proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching (PNFS), and static stretching (SS), on muscle tone and flexibility. METHODS: A total of 30 subjects were assigned to each of the three stretching groups:; E-HS (n₁ = 10), PNFS (n₂ = 10), and SS (n₃ = 10). Muscle tone of the hamstring muscle, active knee extension (AKE), and passive knee extension (PKE) were assessed by range of motion. RESULTS: After the intervention, statistically significant differences were obtained between groups for muscle tone (p < .05). The post hoc test, showed statistically significant differences in muscle tone between the E-HS and PNFS groups (p < .05), and PNFS and SS groups (p < .05). Post hoc test after intervention, also revealed statistically significant differences in flexibility (p < .05) between the E-HS and PNFS groups (p < .05), E-HS and SS groups (p < .05), and PNFS and SS groups (p < .05). Moreover, a statistically significant difference was observed in PKE scores between the E-HS and SS groups (p < .05), and PNFS and SS groups (p < .05). CONCLUSION: This study indicates that E-HS may be the most effective stretching technique for muscle tone and flexibility, in adults with hamstring tightness.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제34권2C호
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• pp.217-225
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• 2009

OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) 시스템을 포함한 다중 반송파 시스템에서 발생하는 PAPR(Peak-to-Average Power Ratio)을 감소시키기 위해 특정 톤 위치에 새로운 톤을 삽입하는 톤 삽입 기법은 성상도를 확장하여 평균 신호전력 대비 최대 신호 전력을 감소시키는 기법이다. 이러한 톤 삽입 기법은 최적의 PAPR 저감 성능을 얻기 위한 삽입 톤 결정을 위해 많은 탐색 연산량을 필요로 함과 동시에 높은 전력상승의 문제를 야기하는 반면, 전력상승을 고려하여 삽입 톤을 결정하면 사용 가능한 톤 삽입 신호가 제한됨에 따라 PAPR 저감 성능이 낮아진다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 기존의 톤 삽입 기법이 갖는 상충적인 목적들을 다목적 최적화 기법에 적용하여 PAPR 저감 성능과 전력상승을 절충하여 상호간의 유연한 조절이 가능한 가중함 유전자 알고리즘 기반의 톤 삽입 기법을 제안한다 모의 실험을 통하여 제안한 가중함 유전자 알고리즘 기반의 톤 삽입 방법은 PAPR과 전력상승의 문제를 사용자의 의사를 반영하는 가중치에 따라 적절하게 조절할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.431-439
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• 2019

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of motion taping on muscle stiffness, muscle tone, and pain in middle-aged women with shoulder impingement syndrome. Methods: The participants comprised 30 middle-aged women with shoulder impingement syndrome. This study measured muscle stiffness, muscle tone, and pain. In the experimental group, the tape was attached after physical therapy; the control group only received physical therapy. In the intervention period, the treatment program was conducted three times a week for a total of four weeks, and the values before and after the intervention were compared and analyzed. For statistical processing, a correspondence test was performed before and after the intervention at a significance level of 0.05, and the comparison between the groups, before and after the intervention, was made using an independent test. Results: In the experimental group, there was a difference in muscle stiffness, muscle tone, and intensity of pain. In addition, there was a significant difference between the control group's emotional domain regarding muscular stiffness and pain and the experimental group. However, there was no significant difference in muscle tone and grade of pain, and intensity of pain for the control group. Conclusion: This study showed that, when physical therapy and motion taping were administered to middle-aged women with shoulder impingement syndrome, it had a more positive affect on the sensory and emotional parts of the muscle tone and pain compared to physical therapy alone.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.1292-1302
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 모바일 폰 카메라의 적용을 위한 자동백색보정(Auto White Balance, AWB) 기능 중에서 단색영상에 대한 탈색 현상과 색상의 왜곡을 막기 위한 단색영상 검출 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 기존의 자동백색보정 기능은 복합영상의 경우에는 정상적으로 자동백색보정이 수행되었지만, 입력영상이 단색이거나 단색이 상당량 포함되어 있는 영상이 입력되는 경우에는 해당 색상이 탈색되거나, 입력영상의 색상 성분에 의해서 자동백색보정의 결과가 왜곡된 색상으로 나타나는 문제점이 발생하였다. 본 논문에서는 자동백색보정 수행 시 상기 단색영상에 대한문제 점을 해결하기 위하여 입력 영상의 색상정보에 대한 히스토그램 데이터를 이용한 단색영상 검출 알고리즘을 개발 하였다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 알고리즘을 자동백색보정 기능에 추가적으로 적용된다면 더욱 향상된 기능의 자동 백색보정이 수행될 수 있을 것이라 기대한다.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.302-308
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• 2020

Objective: The endurance and strength of deep neck flexor (DNF) muscles have a major role on the function and stability of the cervical spine. In recent years, there has been a lack of research that have investigated the muscle tone of the superficial neck muscles. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of between contraction ratio of the DNF and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscles, DNF endurance, and muscle tension of the neck muscles. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Forty-seven subjects (male=20, female=27) participated in this study. The muscle tone of the upper trapezius (UT), SCM, and suboccipital (SO) muscle was measured using a contact soft tissue tone-measuring instrument. For the contraction ratio of the SCM and longus colli muscle, the thickness of the relaxation and maximum contraction state of the SCM and longus colli muscles were assessed using a diagnostic ultrasound measuring instrument and a pressure biofeedback unit. The deep neck flexor endurance test (DNFET) was performed in a cranio-cervical flexion posture. The correlations between the measured variables were investigated. Results: The relationship between the DNFET and SO tone showed a significant negative correlation (p<0.05). The relationship between the DNFET and contraction ratio showed a significant positive correlation (p<0.01). There was no significant correlation between the DNFET and SCM and UT tone. Conclusions: This study confirmed that there is a relationship between DNF endurance, DNF activation, and SO tone. The information on the results of this study may be used as a reference that can be actively applied in the clinical environment.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.341-349
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of soleus muscle stretching on the muscle thickness and muscle tone of the tibialis anterior and peroneus longus muscles in healthy young adults. Methods: This study was an observational, cross-sectional study design in healthy young adults. Thirty healthy young adults participated in the study. To investigate the effect of agonist elongation on the muscles' antagonist and synergist characteristics, this study conducted the dynamic stretching of the soleus and plantarflexor muscles for 20 seconds. This study measured the muscle thickness and muscle tone of the soleus, tibialis anterior and peroneus longus muscles before stretching, immediately after stretching, and five minutes after stretching. Results: After analysis, the muscle tone of the soleus muscle was significantly decreased immediately after stretching (20.91±2.61Hz) compared to before stretching (21.83±2.78Hz). The muscle tone of the tibialis anterior was significantly decreased both immediately after stretching (21.76±2.73Hz) and five minutes after stretching (21.72±3.25Hz) compared to before stretching (22.61±3.29Hz). The muscle thickness of the soleus muscle was significantly decreased immediately after stretching (2.04±0.52mm) compared to before stretching (2.21±0.51mm) and was significantly increased five minutes after stretching (2.14±0.49mm) compared to immediately after stretching. Conclusion: The results of this study showed the static stretching of the soleus muscle changed the muscle tone of the tibialis anterior, but not of the peroneus longus muscle. This study suggests that the dynamic stretching of the agonist muscle would show meaningful muscle tone change in the antagonist.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2022

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the resistance respiratory muscle exercise with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on the respiratory muscle tone and pulmonary function of stroke patients. METHODS: Twenty stroke patients were divided into the TENS group (n = 7), placebo TENS group (n = 7), and control group (n = 6), and each intervention was performed on the three groups 5 times a week for 4 weeks. The assessment was carried out by measuring changes in the muscle tone of the latissimus dorsi and abdominal external obliques, and pulmonary function. RESULTS: In this study, the TENS group and the placebo TENS group had significant increases in the paretic side latissimus dorsi muscle tone, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow (PEF). There was no significant difference in changes in respiratory muscle tone between the three groups. The pulmonary function was significantly different between the three groups, and it was observed from the results of the post-hoc test that FVC showed a significant increase in the TENS group and the placebo TENS group compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Through this study, it was found that the respiratory muscle resistance exercise was more effective as a method to increase respiratory muscle tone and pulmonary function in stroke patients than combined transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.

• 한국염색가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국염색가공학회 2006년도 춘계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.98-100
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• 2006