• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제28권4B호
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• pp.441-447
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• 2008

산업현장에서 발생되는 휘발성유기화합물은 생분해 가능한 화합물과 난분해성 물질이 혼합되어 있는 경우가 많으며, 저감기술을 단독으로 적용해서는 효과적인 제어가 불가능하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 난분해성 물질이 혼합된 휘발성유기화합물을 처리하기 위하여, 자외선(UV) 광분해 장치와 미생물 고정화 복합고분자 담체가 적용된 바이오필터 기술을 결합한 통합시스템을 구성하고 반응 특성을 검토하였다. 대상 휘발성유기화합물로는 toluene과 TCE를 선정하였다. 자외선 광산화 단독실험 결과 TCE는 99% 이상의 제거효율을 나타내었으며 수용성 중간생성물 발생량도 크게 증가하였다. 그러나 toluene과 TCE를 혼합하여 유입시키면 자외선 광분해만으로는 유기화합물 제거율이 낮아졌다. 자외선 광산화와 바이오필터를 결합한 통합시스템 실험에서는 높은 toluene 제거효율을 얻을 수 있었으며, 전처리로 자외선을 조사한 후 toluene과 TCE의 처리효율도 함께 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 이는 자외선에 의해 일부 산화된 toluene과 TCE가 미생물에 의해 보다 효과적으로 분해될 수 있음을 보여준다. 자외선 광산화 반응은 toluene이 상대적으로 적게 존재하는 상황에서 TCE 제거효율을 효과적으로 향상시킬 수 있었으며, 본 실험에서 확인한 TCE 최대 분해능은 $18.2g/m^3/hr$이었다. 그러나 toluene 유입농도가 높았던 조건에서는 toluene의 저해작용으로 인해 TCE 분해능 변화가 적었다. 다양한 운전조건에서 통합시스템의 반응효율과 운전 안정성을 향상시키기 위해서는 각 난분해성 물질 사이의 상호 저해작용에 대한 추가 연구가 필요하다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.649-656
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• 2010

Boron-doped $TiO_2$ photocatalysts were synthesized by a modified sol-gel method and their photocatalytic activities were performed and compared with those of pure synthetic and commercial $TiO_2$ catalysts under UV or visible light conditions. Pure $TiO_2$ itself exhibited very negligible photocatalytic performance under visible light conditions in the aspects of toluene decomposition reactions, although significant decomposition potential was observed as expected with UV light conditions. However, boron doping over $TiO_2$ significantly improved photocatalytic activity particularly under visible conditions, where over 95% degradation of toluene was achieved with 1wt% $B-TiO_2$ within 2 hrs. All the decomposition reactions seemed to follow pseudo first-order kinetics. The effects of boron-doping and its characteristics are further discussed through the kinetic studies and comparison of results.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.678-683
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• 2007

휘발성 유기화합물(VOCs)을 제거하기 위해 고안된 미생물 반응기에서 TDB-4로 명명된 톨루엔 분해 세균을 분리하였다. 16S rRNA 유전자 분석을 통하여 TDB-4는 Pseudomonas 속에 속하는 것으로 판명되었다. 이 세균에 의한 톨루엔 분해 특성을 관찰하기 위하여 세균의 농도와 기질인 톨루엔 농도를 변화시키면서 톨루엔의 분해도를 측정하였다. 낮은 농도인 $10{\mu}mole$의 톨루엔을 기질로 공급하였을 때 보다 $50{\mu}mole$의 톨루엔을 주었을 때 세균 성장과 톨루엔 분해 속도가 높았다. 하지만, $100{\mu}mole$의 톨루엔을 공급한 시료에서는 낮은 농도의 시료보다 세균 성장과 분해속도가 낮은 것으로 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과는 높은 톨루엔 농도에서 TDB-4의 성장 및 톨루엔 분해도가 저해받는 것을 의미한다. 다른 VOC에 대한 TDB-4의 분해능을 관찰한 결과, styrene, benzene 및 xylene의 분해능이 뛰어난 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 실험결과는 VOC를 제거하기 위해 고안된 미생물 반응기의 성능을 향상시키기 위한 운전조건의 최적화에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.261-268
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• 2012

Objectives: The photocatalytic degradation of toluene in a batch mode photoreactor for the purpose of the hazardous waste treatment was investigated. Methods: Kinetic experiments using a low pressure mercury lamp (Lambda Scientific Pty Ltd, 50 Watt) emitting both UV and visible light were performed at $31^{\circ}C$ over toluene concentrations ranging from 10 to 50 mg/l in water with $50%TiO_2/6%WO_3$ (TW) concentration of 1 g/l at a pH of 6. Results: Kinetic studies showed that $50%TiO_2/6%WO_3$ (TW) photocatalyst was highly active in toluene degradation; we observed that 99% of the pollutant was degraded after six hours under visible irradiation; furthermore, we observed that adsorption onto TW catalyst was responsible for the decrease of toluene with pseudo-first order kinetics. It was also found that oxygen as a radical source in the sol medium played a significant role in affecting the photodegradation of toluene, especially with a two-fold elevation. This increase was achieved by a more than four-fold elevation of the photodegradation of toluene in the presence of acetone than without, presumably via an energy transfer mechanism. Conclusions: We concluded that photodegradation in acetone and oxygen molecules along with TW was an effective method for the removal of toluene from wastewater.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1028-1033
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• 2009

In this study, the dynamics of living cells (LC) and dead cells (DC) in a laboratory-scale biofilm membrane bioreactor for waste gas treatment was examined. Toluene was used as a model pollutant. The bacterial cells were enumerated as fluoromicroscopic counts during a 140 operating day period using BacLight nucleic acid staining in combination with epifluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CSLM). Overall, five different phases could be distinguished during the biofilm development: (A) cell attachment, (B) pollutant limitation, (C) biofilm establishment and colonization, (D) colonized biofilm, and (E) biofilm erosion. The bioreactor was operated under different conditions by applying different pollutant concentrations. An optimum toluene removal of 89% was observed at a loading rate of 14.4 kg $m^{-3}d^{-1}$. A direct correlation between the biodegradation rate of the reactor and the dynamics of biofilm development could be demonstrated. This study shows the first description of biofilm development during gaseous toluene degradation in MBR.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.11-14
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• 1998

A toluene-oxidizing strain of Pseudomanas mendocina KR1 containing toluene-4-mono-oxygenase (TMO) completely degrades TCE with the addition of toluene as a co-substrate in aerobic condition. In order to construct in situ bioremediation system for TCE degradation without any growth-stimulating nutrients or toxic inducer such as toluene, we used the carbon-starvation promoter of Pseudomonas putida MK1 (Kim, Y. et al., J. bacteriol., 1995). Upon entry into the stationary phase due to the deprivation of nutrients, this promoter is strongly induced without further cell growth. The TMO gene cluster (4.5 kb) was spliced downstream of the carbon starvation promoter of Pseudomonas putida MK1, already cloned in pUC19. TMO under the carbon starvation promoter was not expressed in E. coli cells either in stationary phase or exponential phase. For TMO expression in Pseudomonas strains, tmo and carbon starvation promoter region were recloned into a modified broad-host range vector pMMB67HES which was made from pMMB67HE(8.9 kb) by deletion of tac promoter and lacIq (about 1.5 kb). Indigo was produced by TMO under the carbon starvation promoter in a Pseudomonas strain of post-exponential phase on M9 (0.2% glucose and 1mM indole) or LB. 18% of TCE was degraded in 14 hours after entering the stationary phase at the initial concentration of 6.6 ${\mu}$M in liquid phase.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.563-572
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• 2012

Unlike water applications, the photocatalytic technique utilizing light-emitting-diodes as an alternative light source to conventional lamp has rarely been applied for low-level indoor air purification. Accordingly, this study investigated the applicability of UV-LED to annular-type photocatalytic reactor for removal of indoor-level benzene and toluene at a low concentration range associated with indoor air quality issues. The characteristics of photocatalyst was determined using an X-ray diffraction meter and a scanning electron microscope. The photocatalyst baked at $350^{\circ}C$ exhibited the highest photocatalytic degradation efficiencies(PDEs) for both benzene and toluene, and the photocatalysts baked at three higher temperatures(450, 550, and $650^{\circ}C$) did similar PDEs for these compounds. The average PDEs over a 3-h period were 81% for benzene and close to 100% for toluene regarding the photocatalyst baked at $350^{\circ}C$, whereas they were 61 and 74% for benzene and toluene, respectively, regarding the photocatalyst baked at $650^{\circ}C$. As the light intensity increased from 2.4 to 3.5 MW $cm^{-1}$, the average PDE increased from 36 to 81% and from 44% to close to 100% for benzene and toluene, respectively. In addition, as the flow rate increased from 0.1 to 0.5 L $min^{-1}$, the average PDE decreased from 81% to close to zero and from close to 100% to 7% for benzene and toluene, respectively. It was found that the annular-type photocatalytic reactor inner-inserted with UV-LEDs can effectively be applied for the decomposition of low-level benzene and toluene under the operational conditions used in this study.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.41-47
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• 1995

Biodegradation of toluene in liquid effluent stream was carried out using biofilms of Pseudomonas putida formed on celite particles in the bubble column bioreactor. Silicon rubber tubing was installed at the bottom of the bioreactor and liquid toluene was circulated within the tubing. Toluene diffused out of the tube wall and was transferred into the culture broth where degradation by biofilms occurred. The operating variables affecting the formation of biofihns on celite particles were investigated in the bubble column bioreactor, and it was found that formation of bifilm is favored by high dilution rate and supply rate of carbon source which stimulate the growth of initially attached cells. Continuous biodegradation of toluene using biofilms was stablely conducted in the bioreactor for more than one month without any significant fluctuation, showing a removal efficiency higher than 95% at the toluene transfer rate of 1.2 g/L/h.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.356-359
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• 2001

톨루엔을 분해하는 대표적인 미생물로 알려진 Pseudomonas putida를 이용하여 생분해 특성을 살펴보고자 하였다. 톨루엔은 물에 대한 용해도가 매우 낮기 때문에, 호기적 조건으로 배양하는데 어려움이 있다. 톨루엔을 포함하는 배지를 포함한 닫힌 계를 이용함으로써, 반응기 내에서의 톨루엔 분해와 미생물 성장에 관해 살펴보았다. 초기에 액상으로 접종하는 톨루엔의 농도를 변화시켰고, 이에 따른 headspace에서의 톨루엔의 농도와 미생물 균체 농도 변화를 측정하였다. 닫힌계에서의 톨루엔 생분해에 관한 물질 수지식을 세우고 이를 전산 모사함으로써, 실험 값과 비교 분석하였다. Pseudomonas putida의 resting cell을 이용하면 닫힌 계에서도 톨루엔을 분해할 수 있었고, 반응기 내에서 일어나는 현상을 매개 변수를 통해 고찰하였다.

• 산업기술연구
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• 제24권B호
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• pp.133-138
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• 2004

The photodegradation of phenol and toluene with the $TiO_2$-coated polyethylene (PE) particles were investigated in the slurry type photocatalytic reactor, changing the $TiO_2$ particle sizes, initial phenol and toluene concentrations, and the oxygen flow rate. The nano-sized $TiO_2$ photocatalyst particles were prepared by the diffusion flame reactor and they were coated onto PE particles by using the hybridization system for the efficient recollection of $TiO_2$-coated particles after photodegradation experiments. The degradation efficiencies of phenol and toluene with the $TiO_2$-coated PE particles were more than 90% after photodegradation of 80 minutes for most cases. The efficiencies of photodegradation with the $TiO_2$-coated PE particles were found to be lower than those by the pure $TiO_2$ particles by 50%, because of the decrease in specific surface area of $TiO_2$ particles in PE particles.