• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.15-21
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop satisfaction scale of school toilet that was completed repair work and examine its validity. In order to develop general and scientific satisfaction scale, the data was collected and analyzed targeting 3,694 participants from seventy schools which were elementary, middle, and high schools participating in improvement projects of school toilet in 2015 and 2016. Satisfaction scale of seventeen items was developed by using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Total Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ of seventeen items resulted in .950. Factor loading indicated over 0.6. Factor explanation of each item showed that was relatively high. This scale can be used to research unit school satisfaction and utilized for further research. The implication of this study was a reliable and valid instrument for measuring the satisfaction of school toilet.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.241-246
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• 2015

Generally a patient who was injected radiopharmaceuticals for nuclear medicine examination is not an object of isolation. Therefore, when the patient uses toilet, we expect surface contamination of a toilet by radioisotope. The measured value is $25.69Bq/cm^2$(a restroom near admission and administration), $19.39Bq/cm^2$(a toilet near department of radiology). The study shows that 9 of 24 locations in controlled area exceed over surface contamination limit. From now on, we should find source of contamination through measurement radioactive nuclide to apply radiation safety management.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.401-401
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• 2010

현대사회로 들어오면서 과거와 달리 외부에 있던 화장실이 내부로 들어오면서 변기 뚜껑을 닫지 않고 toilet flushing을 할 때 배변에 포함된 다량의 장티푸스, 포도상 구균 같은 종류의 세균이 화장실 곳곳에 퍼짐에 의하여 면역력이 약한 경우 여러 가지 세균성 질환 및 2차 감염을 통하여 장티푸스 및 피부 질환 등이 발생한다. 본 연구에서는 이런 감염을 최소화하기 위한 방법으로 플라즈마를 이용한 세변기 표면의 오염 방지처리 기술을 개발하는 것을 목표로 한다. 일차적으로 여러 가지 운용 조건에서 오염의 정도를 파악하고자 배변의 양에 따라 toilet flushing 시 피부 오염의 물질 노출 정도를 평가 하였다. 실험 방법은 배변을 모사하여 toilet system에 넣고 물을 내려 무게에 따른 물 튀김 정도와 위치 분포를 분석하였다. 밀가루 반죽의 무게가 증가하면서 피부에 닿는 물 튀김 면적이 특정 무게에서 최대 60.02 mm2까지 증가하다 감소했다. 또한 실제 측정 결과를 통하여 물 튀김의 분포가 뒤쪽에 집중되는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 이와 같이 실제 toilet flushing시 세균에 의하여 피부 오염 및 국부 감염이 발생할 수 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 비데 동작 시 변기 내부에 잔존하는 세균 자체가 확산되는 정도를 3차원 유체 역학 모델링으로 예측하였다. 앞으로 세변기 뚜껑의 플라즈마 표면처리 및 toilet flushing 유로 디자인 개선을 통해 세균의 잔류 및 퍼짐을 최소화함으로써 최종적으로 세균성 질환을 줄일 수 있는 방법을 개발하는 것이 본 연구의 1단계 목표다.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of indicator organisms in essential sanitary ware in public restrooms. Methods: Twelve public restrooms were randomly selected. Samples at three locations (toilet seat, toilet flush handle/lever, and faucet handle) in the restrooms were collected with moistened-sterile cotton swabs and applied to media in order to determine aerobic colony count (ACC), total coliforms, and Escherichia coli. Results: Most of the samples taken in summer showed a higher level of ACC than those taken in winter (p<0.05). Female restrooms showed higher ACC levels on faucet handles and male restrooms on toilet flush handles/levers (p<0.05). Overall, faucet handles contained the greatest level of ACC, followed by toilet seats, whereas the least load was found on toilet flush handles/levers. The ACC level of samples in the restrooms in public parks, subway stations, and educational institutions varied. Total coliforms were identified in about 20% of toilet seats and faucet handles in male restrooms and faucet handles in female restrooms in summer. These locations were also the sites of positive results of E. coli isolation. Conclusions: The public restrooms were significantly more contaminated in summer than in winter. Overall, the most contaminated locations in the restrooms were toilet seats in male restrooms, and faucet handles in female restrooms. Poor hygienic status was indicated by the positive results of total coliforms and E. coli on samples from some sites. Therefore, sanitary control of restrooms should be improved. These results should be confirmed in a larger study that includes more public restrooms.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.221-231
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the toilet training status (TTS) of Korean toddlers and their mothers' level of knowledge of toilet training (TT) and to identify the relationship between toddlers' TTS and mothers' level of knowledge of TT. Method: The participants in this study were 315 12-29 month old infants and their mothers recruited from outpatient clinics of hospitals and day care centers. T-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to analyze the data. Results: TTS of Korean toddlers showed was more advanced compared with previous research samples except for independent hand washing after toileting and this improved with age. The mothers showed higher understanding of the importance of a positive experience and a different pace for each child in the appropriate period for toilet training but less appreciation of the readiness of child to initiate TT. There was a significant correlation between TTS and mothers' level of knowledge of TT. Conclusion: Using the above findings, health professionals who work with children and their families need to develop parent education programs on TT that will promote toddlers' physical and socio-emotional development.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.08a
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• pp.75-75
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• 2010

배변 후 toilet flushing 시 다량의 세균을 포함한 물방울들이 화장실 곳곳으로 퍼지는 현상이 있다. 이러한 현상을 방지하기 위해 변기 뚜껑에 자기 세정 효과를 갖는 초발수 표면을 위해 플라즈마를 이용한 표면 처리가 시도되고 있으며, 이 연구의 일환으로 flushing시의 변기내의 유동 분석을 초고속 카메라를 이용하여 수행하였다. Toilet flushing 시 물 튀김 현상은 육안으로는 잘 관찰하기 어렵지만 최고 1000 frame/sec의 속도를 갖는 CCD camera를 이용하여 정량적으로 물 튀김에 의한 오염 가능성을 촬영 분석하였다, 두 번째로 소변 시의 변기 표면에서의 튀김현상을 분석하기 위하여 소변의 발사각도 및 속도를 가장 실제와 유사한 조건으로 설정하고 이를 상용 전산 유체 역학 소프트웨어인 CFD- ACE+의 자유 표면 계산 기능과 두 가지 유체(액체 및 기체)의 혼합 계산 모델을 사용한 계산 결과와 비교 하였다. 그 결과 변기 표면의 표면장력을 아주 작게 설정한 경우(작은 접촉각, 친수성)에는 중력의 영향을 고려하였음에도 불구하고 소변이 변기에 충돌 후 상부로 상당부분 튀어 올라가는 결과를 얻었다. 여러 가지 각도와 발사 속도, 실제의 인체와 유사한 발사 부위의 형상 변화로 인한 유체 표면의 난류 발생과 이에 따른 변기 표면 충돌 현상 변화 등을 수치적으로 고찰하였다. 한 예로 5.6 mm 직경의 노즐에서 소변이 나오는 경우를 발사 속도 3 m/s, 각도 $10^{\circ}$로 주고 중력을 고려하여 10초 동안을 계산하면, 방뇨 시 toilet bowl 내부에서의 물의 유동과 toilet 표면을 맞고 튀기는 현상을 그림 1과 같이 볼 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2007

Educational Facility has a specialty that similar design is repeatedly taken place so the importance of POE(Post Occupancy Evaluation) is increased for the improvement of problem appeared at the former projects. The POE could provides help to the design of next project and the direction when the need of remodeling is faced. Through the process of POE, the repeat of design mistakes could be prevented and the good information related with building efficiency and other problems could be applied to the design of next school project . In this study, the POE of Manbalro(barefoot) toilet of D Elementary school in rural area of H county is performed. The toilet is renovated as an educational environment improvement project of H county educational office in Chungcheong Namdo Province. The study is focused on the user's behavior at Manbalro toilet for carrying out indicative POE by the subjective response of user's. From the research, several being reformed items is proposed however the toilet is evaluated as a successful project that design purpose of initial stage is applied well.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.211-212
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• 2019

It is possible to realize the concept of long-life housing by utilizing the wall piping infill system. However, when using the wall piping infill system, there is no detailed standard in Korea. Problems may occur in actual use. In this study, we use the results obtained from the performance test method as a basic data. Since the load resistance test of the toilet is not available in Korea, GB 6952 (Sanitary wares) of China is applied. According to the experiment of load resistance of the toilet in this study, the strain recovery ability was good. However, it is not possible to exclude the possibility of permanent deformation of the toilet seat due to long - term repeated loading. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the stiffness enhancement of the wall (steel frame) to the fixing part when installing the toilet in the wall pipe infill system.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.198-201
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• 2023

In the past decade, experts have conducted parasitological research on archaeological specimens in Korea to collect historical parasite infection data. In these studies, parasitologists successfully described the infection pattern of each parasite species in history. However, in the first half of the 20th century, archaeoparasitological reports have been scant. In 2021, we conducted a parasitological examination of a toilet-like structure that emerged in the early 20th century. This structure was built by stacking 2 wooden barrels; and in the study samples, we found ancient Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides (unfertilized), and Taenia spp. eggs and therefore proposed a higher possibility that the barrels could have been used as a toilet at the time. To understand how the antihelminthic campaign since the 1960s helped reduce parasite infection rates in Korea, more research should focus on early-20th-century toilet ruins.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.210-216
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• 2003

This study focuses on the physical environment and human activity of the user of train toilets, on the analysis of factors needed to obtain reasonable toilet design and it also focuses on the understanding of the interface between its user. Moreover it proposes a module of the development process and methods of approaching the User Toilet Interface. The study so presents a design standard under which the concrete data of the characteristics and practicable range and the convergent demands accelerate to the module could be confirmed and criticized.