• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권14호
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• pp.5715-5719
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• 2015

Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy of women in the world. The disease is caused by infectious and non-infectious, environmental and lifestyle factors. Tobacco smoke has been one of the most widely studied environmental factors wiith possible relevance to breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of tobacco smoking in breast cancer patients in a hospital based cohort and to establish prognostic implications if any. Materials and Methods: A retrospective audit of 100 women with pathological diagnosis of invasive breast cancer was included in this study. The verbal questionnaire elicited information on current and previous history of exposure to smoking in addition to active smoking. All analyses were adjusted for potential confounders, including stage at presentation, alcohol intake, hormonal replacement therapy, oral contraceptive intake, obesity and menopausal status. Results: The mean age at presentation of breast cancer was $51.4{\pm}10.86$ years. Mean age of presentation was $53.1{\pm}11.5$ and $45.7{\pm}11.9$ years in never smokers and passive smokers, respectively. Age at presentation varied widely in patients exposed to tobacco smoke for >10 years in childhood from $40.3{\pm}12.0$ years to $47.7{\pm}13.9$ in patients exposed for > 20years as adults. Among passive smokers, 60.9% were premenopausal and 39.1% of patients were postmenopausal. In never smokers, 71.4% were post menopausal. Expression of receptors in non-smokers vs passive smokers was comparable with no significant differences. Metastatic potential in lung parenchyma was slightlyelevated in passive smokers as compared to never smokers although statistically non-significant. Conclusions: An inverse relationship exists between the intensity and duration of smoking and the age at presentation and poor prognostic factors. The results strongly suggest efforts should be taken to prevent smoking, encourage quitting and restrict exposure to second hand smoke in India.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.4319-4323
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• 2013

Background: Hookah smoking has been referred to as a global tobacco epidemic by public health officials. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics, behaviour and perceptions related to hookah smoking among the youth smokers in Pune. Methods: Two hundred and eighty established hookah smokers participated in this study. Data was collected using a 29-item questionnaire, constructed using three main domains: Characteristics (socio-demographic and personal), behaviour and perceptions (about harmful effects in comparison to cigarette smoking). Results: The results indicated that the mean age of starting hookah smoking was 17.3 years; 75% of participants did not have parental acceptance; light-headedness, dizziness and headache were most common reported nicotine effects, post hookah smoking. Hookah smoking on a daily basis was reported by 24.6% participants. The mean time of hookah session was 1 hour and 19 minutes. 68.2% participants were reported to smoke hookah in hookah-cafes and 35.7% participants were found to share the hookah. Some 66.7% participants had no intention to quit. Most of them (71-80%) had misperception about the safety of hookah smoking over cigarette smoking and 54-82% participants were unaware of health effects. Conclusions: Educational intervention is urgently needed to create awareness among the youth about the harmful effects of hookah smoking.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 1995

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), TMV-common strain, causes severe damage on flue-cured tobacco in Korea. As the results, breeding programs were conducted to transfer the TMV resistance from NC567 to other cultivars. Advantage of F1, hybrid may not lie only in their heterotic value but also in directly combining of valuable dominant traits, e.g. for disease resistance, either in pairs or as groups already assembled in the two parents. A new TMV resistant flue-cured tobacco variety KF114 was developed from a cross as maternal parent MSNC567 and NC82 at the Suwon Experiment Station. KF114 was more vigorous growth characteristics in early stage than that of NC82, standard variety in Korea, and other characters were similar to those of NC82. It os high resistance to TMV, but bacterial wilt(Pseudomonas solanacerum) and black shank (Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae) is comparable to NC82. It should adapt well to the flue-cured production area and can reduce premature flowering under unfavorable weather conditions. Yield of KF114 is 1% to 5% higher, and nearly equal in value per KG compared with NC82. This variety, F1 hybrid, met acceptable standards for chemical and physical characteristics of cured leaf and high ranked good smoking taste by panel members in Korea Ginseng and Tobacco Research Institute.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제57권4호
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• pp.327-338
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• 2024

Objectives: Estimating the number of deaths caused by smoking is crucial for developing and evaluating tobacco control and smoking cessation policies. This study aimed to determine smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) in Korea in 2020. Methods: Four large-scale cohorts from Korea were analyzed. A Cox proportional-hazards model was used to determine the hazard ratios (HRs) of smoking-related death. By conducting a meta-analysis of these HRs, the pooled HRs of smoking-related death for 41 diseases were estimated. Population-attributable fractions (PAFs) were calculated based on the smoking prevalence for 1995 in conjunction with the pooled HRs. Subsequently, SAM was derived using the PAF and the number of deaths recorded for each disease in 2020. Results: The pooled HR for all-cause mortality attributable to smoking was 1.73 for current men smokers (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53 to 1.95) and 1.63 for current women smokers (95% CI, 1.37 to 1.94). Smoking accounted for 33.2% of all-cause deaths in men and 4.6% in women. Additionally, it was a factor in 71.8% of men lung cancer deaths and 11.9% of women lung cancer deaths. In 2020, smoking was responsible for 53 930 men deaths and 6283 women deaths, totaling 60 213 deaths. Conclusions: Cigarette smoking was responsible for a significant number of deaths in Korea in 2020. Monitoring the impact and societal burden of smoking is essential for effective tobacco control and harm prevention policies.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.5075-5080
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• 2016

Purpose: Factors associated with ever-use and differences between ever-users and non-users of tobacco among adolescent school students from low income families in Mumbai were assessed. Materials and Methods: A self-administered questionnaire, completed by 1918 students from grades 7, 8 and 9 in 12 schools managed by the city municipal corporation in July 2015, gathered data on socio-demographic characteristics, tobacco use and tobacco-related knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. Results: Although only 1% of respondents thought tobacco was cool, nearly 35% were unaware of associations between tobacco use and health problems. Male students were almost twice as likely (OR=2.5, P <= 0.05) to have ever used tobacco compared to females and Supari (areca nut) users were eight times more likely (OR=8.99, P < 0.001) than Supari non -users. Tobacco-users were more likely to agree with statements: 'People who use tobacco have more friends' (OR=2.8, P = 0.004), 'Smoking relieves stress' (OR=5.6, P = 0.002) and 'It is possible to purchase any tobacco product within 100 yards of school' (OR=10.8, P < 0.001). Conclusion: This study highlights the gains made by tobacco prevention campaigns in that almost all students did not consider tobacco as cool or a stress reliever. However, they still need education about health consequences of tobacco-use. In addition, Supari use has to be addressed in school-based tobacco prevention and cessation initiatives. Furthermore, programs must also address perceptions and norms related to peers and tobacco use and ensure active implementation of existing laws. Such integrated measures will help ensure tobacco-free spaces around schools.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권sup1호
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• pp.65-70
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• 2016

Background: In 2013, legislation in Vietnam regulated smoking in public areas. Included was a ban on indoor smoking at universities. Objective: Since awareness and attitude are moderators of the effectiveness of smoke-free policy, ou aim was to assess changes in students' knowledge and attitude tosecond hand smoke (SHS) and awareness and support of smoke-free legislation at four Vietnamese universities, one year after legislative changes. Methods: A two-phase cross sectional study of undergraduate students using self-administered questionnaires (based on the Global Adult Tobacco Survey and the Thrasher survey) was conducted at the introduction of the legislation and one year thereafter. Results: One-year post legislation there were significant increases in knowledge of smoke-free legislation and awareness of universities as smoke-free environments. There was a significant increase in knowledge of harmful effects of SHS on diseases such as examples in the heart and lung, including lung cancer, and miscarriage. Students expressed strong support of smoke-free environments in universities, hospitals, schools, workplaces, public transport, libraries, cinemas and theatres; support was also increased post legislation. Changes were seen in attitude to SHS, and rights of non-smokers and smokers. Conclusions: Positive changes have occurred in knowledge and attitude toward smoke-free environments and SHS in universities since enactment of Vietnamese tobacco control legislation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권22호
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• pp.9955-9960
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• 2014

Background: Promoter hypermethylation is a common event in human cancer. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is a gene involved in DNA repair, which is methylated in a variety of cancers. We aimed to explore the methylation status of MGMT gene among the North Eastern population where esophageal cancer incidence and exposure to carcinogens like nitrosamines is high. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 newly diagnosed esophageal cancer cases along with equal number of age, sex and ethnicity matched controls were included in this study. Methylation specific PCR was used to determine the MGMT methylation status in serum samples. Results: Aberrant promoter methylation of the MGMT gene was detected in 70% of esophageal cancer cases. Hypermethylation of MGMT gene was found to be influenced by environmental factors like betel quid and tobacco which contain potent carcinogens like nitrosamines. Tobacco chewing and tobacco smoking habit synergistically with MGMT methylation elevated the risk for esophageal cancer development [adjusted OR=5.02, 95% CI=1.35-18.74; p=0.010 for tobacco chewing and Adjusted OR=3.00, 95% CI=1.22-7.36; p=0.014 for tobacco smoking]. Conclusions: Results suggest that the DNA hypermethylation of MGMT is an important mechanism for MGMT gene silencing resulting in esophageal cancer development and is influenced by the environmental factors. Thus MGMT hypermethylation can be used as a biomarker for esophageal cancer in high incidence region of North East India.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.120-126
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• 2005

The Fishtail Chimney system mounted on 1 channel smoking machine is not appropriate for the routine analysis of sidestream smoke, because of its low repeatability and very long time required for smoke collection. To overcome this inconvenience, we developed a new sidestream smoke collecting apparatus compatible for 8 channel linear smoking machine. An electric motor driven stroke and automatic control system were adopted in this device to maximize convenience and efficiency of its operation. Also, we carried out the international collaborative study on monitoring sidestream smoke analysis to test the performance of this system. From the statistical analysis of the data obtained in our laboratory and other participating labs, it has been indicated that the newly developed sidestream smoke collection apparatus could be applicable to the routine analysis of sidestream smoke.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.179-184
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• 2001

This study was conducted to determine the smoke component distribution and the relationship between chemical components and physical characteristics of cigarettes. 16 different cigarette brands which were sold in the market were selected for this study. Five kinds of smoke components which have been tar, nicotine, water, carbon monoxide(CO) puff No., and six kinds of physical characteristics which were filter type, leaf weight, filter weight, UPD, EPD, dilution rate were analyzed. The average values in tar, nicotine, water, CO concentration were 6.5 mg/cig. 0.66 mg/cig, 1.12 mg/cig. and 6.32 mg/cig., respectively. The average ratios of nicotine/tar and CO/tar were 0.10, and 1.02 respectively. The distribution of smoke components collected in the cambridge filter and cigarette filter was different. The averages of tar and nicotine removal efficiency by a cigarette filter were 53%, and 48%, respectively. All smoking components were positively correlated with other smoking components. filter types, EPD, and dilution rate were showed high correlation to the changes of smoke components. Especially, dilution rate of cigarette strongly affected on the changes of all smoke components.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권sup2호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2016

Aiming at reducing smoking population, Taiwan government adopted a successful smoking cessation quitline model from California Smokers' Helpline, commissioned a private non-profit organization-Teacher Chang Foundation, which was well-known for its quality telephone counseling service-to set up Asia's first quitline, Taiwan Smokers' Helpline (TSH) in 2003. The establishment of the quitline is a significant progress for tobacco control in Taiwan, as it built up a cooperative model with smoking cessation clinics to increase the quit rate through assisting smokers to overcome their psychological obstacles while quitting smoking.