• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.505-510
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• 1999

$TiO_2$ powders were prepared via hydrolysis of titanium n-butoxide in n-butanol and hydrolysis mechanism of titanium n-butoxide was studied using UV-Vis spectrometer. Hydrolysis reactions were controlled to proceed to pseudo-first order reaction in the presence of excess water. The phases of $TiO_2$ powders, prepared under the these conditions, were identified by XRD and reaction rates were calculated by Gugggenheim method. Prepared powders were noncrystalline states in their initial stage of formation but transformed to crystalline rutile structure by heating. Reaction mechanism of titanium n-butoxide was proposed as Interchange-Associative(Ia) mechanism, based on the data of n-value and termodynamic parameters which were determined from the rate constants.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.144-151
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• 2009

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solution was investigated using $TiO_2$ coated on various acid modified activated carbon fiber (ACF). The ACFs/$TiO_2$ composites were prepared from titanium n-butoxide (TNB) as titanium precursor and various acid modified ACFs. The prepared samples are heat treated at 973 K. Then the ACF/$TiO_2$ composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Moreover, photocatalytic degradation of MB by the ACF/$TiO_2$ composites was determined under UV irradiation. The results shows that the photocatalytic activity of ACF/$TiO_2$ composites ($AT1{\sim}AT4$) prepared with TNB and various acid modified ACF was much better than that of ACF/$TiO_2$ composite (AT) prepared with TNB and non-acid modified ACF, and the effects improved with order of sample AT3 > AT4 > AT1 > AT2.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2010

We used activated carbon (AC), activated carbon fiber (ACF) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) as carbon sources and titanium n-butoxide as titanium source to prepare carbon-$TiO_2$ composites. For characterization their properties, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), BET surface area, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) were used. And the photoactivity of the carbon-$TiO_2$ composites, under UV irradiation, was tested using the fixed concentration of methylene blue (MB, $C_{16}H_{18}N_3S{\cdot}Cl{\cdot}3H_2O$) in aqueous solution. After UV irradiation for a certain time, the concentration of MB solution was determined by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2008

In this present study, we have synthesized Fe-containing AC(activated carbon)/$TiO_2$ composites with titanium (VI) n-butoxide (TNB) as a titanium source to Fe treated AC through an impregnation method. The result of the textural surface properties demonstrates that there is a slight decrease in the BET surface area of composite samples with an increase of the amount of Fe treated. The surface properties of scanning electron microscope (SEM) presented a characterization of a porous texture on the Fe-containing AC/$TiO_2$ composites and homogenous compositions for Fe and titanium dioxide distributed on the sample surfaces. Fe compound peaks and a titanium dioxide structure were observed in the X-ray diffraction patterns for the Fe-containing AC/$TiO_2$ composites. The results of chemical elemental composition for the Fe-containing AC/$TiO_2$ composites showed that most of the spectra for these samples gave stronger peaks for C, O, treated Fe components and Ti metal than that of any other elements. From the photo degradation results for the piggery waste, the Fe-containing AC/$TiO_2$ composites showed an excellent degradation activity for the chemical oxygen demand (COD) due to a photocatalysis of the supported $TiO_2$, radical reaction by Fe species and the adsorptivity and absorptivity of porous carbon.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.210-215
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• 2010

In this study, an expanded graphite-titanium oxide composite is developed from expanded graphite (EG) and titanium n-butoxide (TNB). EG is synthesized by chemical intercalation of natural graphite (NG) and rapid expansion at high temperature. TNB is used as the titanium source. The performances of the prepared EG-$TiO_2$ composite are characterized by BET surface area measurements, scan electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The catalytic activities of the EG-$TiO_2$ composite are investigated by analysis of the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solution under irradiation of UV light. Compared with the pristine $TiO_2$ and activity carbon-$TiO_2$ (AC-$TiO_2$) composite, the EG-$TiO_2$ composite shows very high efficiency against MB solution, and the EG could improve the photocatalytic effect of $TiO_2$ in the MB degradation reaction under the irradiation of UV light.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.374-377
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• 2003

Sol-gel processing of BaTiO$_3$ ceramics doped with La(0.01-1.00 at.%) were prepared from metal barium, titanium n-butoxide and lanthanum isopropoxide. Characterization of the sol-gel-derived powder using XRD, SEM is also reported. The obtained results suggested that insulator to semiconductor transition for highly donor-doped barium titanate was closely related to the incorporation of donor into the grains and to the resultant grain size, which were significantly affected by the sinterability of BaTiO$_3$ powders and sintering conditions used.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.31-34
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• 2003

Sol-gel processing of $BaTiO_{3}$ ceramics doped with La (0.01∼1.00 at.%) were prepared from metal barium, titanium n-butoxide and lanthanum isopropoxide. Characterization of the sol-gel-derived powder using XRD, SEM is also reported. The obtained results suggested that insulator to semiconductor transition for highly donor-doped barium titanate was closely related to the incorporation of donor into the grains and to the resultant grain size, which were significantly affected by the sinterability of $BaTiO_{3}$ powders and sintering conditions used.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.218-223
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• 2007

The hybrid $C/TiO_2$ complexes were prepared by a method involving the penetration of titanium n-butoxide (TNB) solution with porous carbons. The photocatalysts were investigated for their surface textural properties and SEM morphology, structural crystallinity and elemental identification between porous carbon and $TiO_2$, and dye decomposition performance. For all the $C/TiO_2$ complexes prepared by TNB solution methods, the excellent photocatalytic effect for dye degradation should be attributed to the synergitic effects between photo-decomposition of the supported $TiO_2$ and adsorptivity of the porous carbons.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.159-164
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• 2008

Two kinds of CNT/TiO2 composite photocatalysts were synthesized with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and titanium(IV) n-butoxide (TNB) by a MCPBA oxidation method. Since MWCNTs had charge transfer and semiconducting, the CNT/TiO2 composite shows a good photo-degradation activity. The XRD patterns reveal that only anatase phase can be identified for MCT composite, but the HMCT composite synthesized with HCl treatment was observed the mixed phase of anatase and rutile. The EDX spectra were shown the presence as major elements of Ti with strong peaks. From the SEM results, the sample MCT and HMCT synthesized by the thermal decomposition with TNB show a homogenous sample with only individual MWCNTs covered with TiO2 without any jam-like aggregates between CNTs and TiO2. From the photocatalytic results, we could be suggested that the excellent activity of the CNT/TiO2 composites for organic dye and UV irradiation time could be attributed to combination effects between TiO2 and MWCNTs with plausible photodegradation mechanism.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.555-561
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• 2009

Expanded graphite (EG) is synthesized by chemical intercalation of natural graphite (NG) and rapid expansion at high temperature, with titanium n-butoxide (TNB) used as titanium source by a sol-gel method to prepare EG-TiO$_2$ composite. The performances of the prepared EG-TiO$_2$ composite are characterized by BET surface area measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). To compare the photocatalytic activities of the EG-TiO$_2$ composite, three kinds of dye solutions, methylene blue (MB), methylene orange (MO) and rhodamine B (RhB), and two kinds of light source, UV light and visible light (VL), are used. Comparing the results, it can be clearly seen that the degradation of all of the dye solutions under irradiation by UV light is much better than that under irradiation by visible light, and the decomposition of MB solution was better than that of both of MO and RhB solution.