• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.104-108
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to determine how feeding forage and concentrate separately (SF) or as a total mixed ration (TMR) affects enteric methane production of cattle. Six Holstein steers ($203{\pm}22.5kg$) were used in a $2{\times}3$ changeover design experiment. Experimental diets (TMR and SF) consisted of compound feed, timothy hay and soybean curd residue in a ratio of 40:48:12, respectively, and diets were fed at 10% of metabolic body weight, on an as-fed basis. There were no differences in dry matter intake and enteric methane production (g/d) between SF and TMR but the methane conversion rate (methane energy/GE intake) of TMR was significantly higher (p=0.05) than that of SF. The mean methane emission factor (kg/head/year) and conversion rate of the two treatments were 21.4 and 0.05, respectively. There was a strong relationship between metabolic body weight and enteric methane production (p<0.001). At the present time, further studies may be necessary in order to establish the effects of TMR and SF on enteric methane production.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.642-651
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of different roughages in total mixed ration (TMR) inoculated with or without coculture of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial population. Methods: Three TMRs formulations composed of different forages were used and each TMR was grouped into two treatments: non-fermented TMR and fermented TMR (F-TMR) (inoculated with coculture of L. acidophilus and B. subtilis). After fermentation, the fermentation, chemical and microbial profile of the TMRs were determined. The treatments were used for in vitro rumen fermentation to determine total gas production, pH, ammonianitrogen (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Microbial populations were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All data were analyzed as a 3×2 factorial arrangement design using the MIXED procedure of Statistical Analysis Systems. Results: Changes in the fermentation (pH, lactate, acetate, propionate, and NH3-N) and chemical composition (moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, and ash) were observed. For in vitro rumen fermentation, lower rumen pH, higher acetate, propionate, and total VFA content were observed in the F-TMR group after 24 h incubation (p<0.05). F-TMR group had higher acetate concentration compared with the non-fermented group. Total VFA was highest (p<0.05) in F-TMR containing combined forage of domestic and imported source (F-CF) and F-TMR containing Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage (F-IRS-CS) than that of TMR diet containing oat, timothy, and alfalfa hay. The microbial population was not affected by the different TMR diets. Conclusion: The use of Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage, as well as the inoculation of coculture of L. acidophilus and B. subtilis, in the TMR caused changes in the pH, lactate and acetate concentrations, and chemical composition of experimental diets. In addition, F-TMR composed with Italian ryegrass silage and corn silage altered ruminal pH and VFA concentrations during in vitro rumen fermentation experiment.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.5
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• pp.951-970
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• 2023

This study utilized Italian ryegrass silage (IRGS) - based total mixed ration (TMR) as feedstuff and evaluated its effects on rumen fermentation, growth performance, blood parameters, and bacterial community in growing Hanwoo heifers. Twenty-seven Hanwoo heifers (body weight [BW], 225.11 ± 10.57 kg) were randomly allocated to three experimental diets. Heifers were fed 1 of 3 treatments as follows: TMR with oat, timothy, and alfalfa hay (CON), TMR with 19% of IRGS (L-IRGS), and TMR with 36% of IRGS (H-IRGS). Feeding high levels of IRGS (H-IRGS) and CON TMR to heifers resulted in a greater molar proportion of propionate in the rumen. The impact of different TMR diets on the BW, average daily gain, dry matter intake, and feed conversion ratio of Hanwoo heifers during the growing period did not differ (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the blood metabolites, total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, and total cholesterol of the heifers were not affected by the different TMR diets (p > 0.05). In terms of rumen bacterial community composition, 264 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were observed across the three TMR diets with 240, 239, and 220 OTUs in CON, L-IRGS, and H-IRGS, respectively. IRGS-based diets increased the relative abundances of genera belonging to phylum Bacteroidetes but decreased the abundances of genus belonging to phylum Firmicutes compared with the control. Data showed that Bacteroidetes was the most dominant phylum, while Prevotella ruminicola was the dominant species across the three TMR groups. The relative abundance of Ruminococcus bromii in the rumen increased in heifers fed with high inclusion of IRGS in the TMR (H-IRGS TMR). The relative abundance of R. bromii in the rumen significantly increased when heifers were fed H-IRGS TMR while P. ruminicola increased in both L-IRGS and H-IRGS TMR groups. Results from the current study demonstrate that the inclusion of IRGS in the TMR is comparable with the TMR containing high-quality forage (CON). Thus, a high level of IRGS can be used as a replacement forage ingredient in TMR feeding and had a beneficial effect of possibly modulating the rumen bacterial community toward mainly propionate-producing microorganisms.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.441-450
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine the effects of partial replacement of corn grain and soybean meal with agricultural by-product feeds on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and optimum levels of mixing ratio. The agricultural by-products to examine the effectiveness of the partial replacement of concentrate were wheat bran, corn gluten feed, bakery waste, soybean curd, rice bran, green kernel rice, soybean hull, distillers' grain, and mushroom substrate. In the first experiment, in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics of feedstuffs were evaluated at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after incubation. In the second experiment, fermentation characteristics were investigated with green kernel rice and soybean curd which replaced corn grain or soybean meal. Feed were formulated with 40% corn grain + 20% soybean meal (T1), 40% corn grain + 17.5% soybean meal + 2.5% soybean curd (T2), 25% corn grain + 20% soybean meal + 15% green kernel rice (T3), and 30% corn grain + 15% soybean meal + 6% green kernel rice + 9% soybean curd (T4), respectively, with forage source of 10% alfalfa hay, 20% timothy hay, and 10% corn silage as fed-basis. In 24 and 48 hour cultivations, T4 showed significantly lower pH compared to T1, whereas in 3 and 24 hour cultivations, T4 showed significantly higher DM degradation compared to T1. In addition, the gas production of T3 was also higher than T1 (p<0.05). Overall results of the present experiments indicated that green kernel rice and soybean curd as agricultural by-products have the possibility of partial replacements of corn grain and soybean meal.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.359-368
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• 2007

Holstein cows(n=12) were assigned to one of three diets containing control diet and diets containing a microbial culture, 50ml(T1) and 100ml(T2) SDN(R)(amicrobial culture), per day. The basal diet containing concentrate mixture, corn silage and timothy hay were fed midlactating cows for 12 weeks. Milk production tended to be higher for cows fed T2 diet (20.8kg/day) than fed T1(19.7kg/d) and control diet (19.2kg/day).  There was a tendency of an increase in 4% FCM for cows fed T2 diet(19.6kg/day) than T1(18.8kg/d) and control diet(18.4kg/day). Milk components were not found to be different between cows fed control diet and SDN(R) diets. There was a tendency an increase in milk protein for cows fed control diet(3.43%) compared with microbial diets, T1 and T2(3.08% and 3.20%). However, milk protein production was not significantly different between control diet(0.65kg/d) and T1(0.61kg/d) or T2(0.67kg/d). Somatic cell counts for cows fed T1(72,000) and T2(60,000/ml) were lower than cows fed control diet (108,000/ml) (P<0.05). In conclusion, the cows that were fed diets containing SDN(R) as a microbial culture resulted a tendency of an increase in milk production and a reduction of somatic cell counts which indicates improved milk quality and hygiene.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.541-548
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• 2002

This study, consisting of two experiments, was conducted to determine the effects of feeding heat treated protein and mineral complex (HPM) on milk production and composition, and ruminal fermentation of Holstein dairy cows. In in vitro experiment, HPM levels were 0, 0.2, 1 and 2%, and Timothy hay, which was substrate, was milled as 1 mm size, and the effects of HPM on pH, ammonia and VFA were analyzed after incubation times of 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h, respectively. The pH and ammonia production were not significantly different between treatments during the incubation. In addition, generally, total VFA and individual VFA were not affected by HPM on 0, 6 and 24 h. While, total VFA and individual VFA were increased in 0.2% and 1% of HPM supplemented treatments, but decreased in 2% of HPM treatment compared with control on 12 h. On 48 h, total VFA and individual VFA were increased in HPM treatments compared to control (P<0.05). However, A/P ratio was not affected by HPM supplementation. Gas production was higher in HPM treatment compared to control on 24 h (P<0.05) and 48 h (P<0.05). In lactating experiment, fourteen lactating Holstein cows were used for 4 months in a cross over experimental design. There were two treatments; no added HPM as a control and 0.2% of HPM added as a test treatment. Daily milk yield (P<0.001), 4% FCM (P<0.001), milk protein (P<0.05) and SNF (solid not fat; P<0.05) were increased in HPM treatment compared to control. While, milk fat, MUN (milk urea nitrogen) and SCC (somatic cell count) were not significantly different between treatments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.505-513
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• 2017

Objective: This study was performed to evaluate whether ambient temperature and dietary glycerol addition affect growth performance, and blood metabolic and immunological parameters, in beef cattle. Methods: Twenty Korean cattle steers ($405.1{\pm}7.11kg$ of body weight [BW], $14.2{\pm}0.15$ months of age) were divided into a conventional control diet group (n = 10) and a 2% glycerol- added group (n = 10). Steers were fed 1.6% BW of a concentrate diet and 0.75% BW of a timothy hay diet for 8 weeks (4 weeks from July 28th to August 26th and 4 weeks from August 27th to September 26th). Blood was collected four times on July 28th, August 11th, August 27th, and September 26th. Results: The maximum indoor ambient temperature-humidity index in August (75.8) was higher (p<0.001) than that in September (70.0), and in August was within the mild heat stress (HS) category range previously reported for dairy cattle. The average daily gain (ADG; p = 0.03) and feed efficiency (p<0.001) were higher in hotter August than in September. Glycerol addition did not affect ADG and feed efficiency. Neither month nor glycerol addition affected blood concentrations of cortisol, triglyceride, or non-esterified fatty acid. Blood concentrations of cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, glucose, and albumin were lower (p<0.05) on August 27th than on September 26 th, and blood phosphorus, calcium and magnesium concentrations were also lower on August 27th than on September 27th. Glycerol addition did not affect these blood parameters. Percentages of $CD4^+$ T cells and $CD8^+$ T cells were higher (p<0.05) on July 28th than on August 27th and September 26th. The blood $CD8^+$ T cell population was lower in the glycerol supplemented-group compared to the control group on July 28th and August 27th. Conclusion: Korean cattle may not be significantly affected by mild HS, considering that growth performance of cattle was better in hotter conditions, although some changes in blood metabolic and mineral parameters were observed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.177-190
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine effects of dietary herbaceous peat on in vitro fermentation and milk production in dairy cows. Ruminal pH, gas production, VFA (volatile fatty acid), Ammonia-N, and rumen degradability were examined by the addition of three times over 0, 1, and 5% herbaceous peat with substrate of timothy hay, and the change of rumen fermentation characteristics were evaluated. In 0, 3, 12 and 24 hours cultivation, all treatments did not show a significant difference but the control at 6 hours appeared significantly lower pH compared to 1 and 5% treatments (p<0.05). The gas production of the treatments significantly increased until 12 hours of cultivation compared to control (p<0.05), the rumen ammonia concentration showed a tendency to increase until 24 hours in all treatment groups, and there was no significant difference between treatments. About the rumen degradability, 5% treatment showed higher rumen degradability in all hours than control and 1% treatment (p<0.05). Meanwhile, for in vivo trial, 16 heads of Holstein lactation dairy cows were selected for experiment for four weeks in order to research the change of milk yield, milk compositions and change of somatic cell counts of lactation dairy cows by herbaceous peat feeding. The milk yield of vitamin C and herbaceous peat treatments (T3) was 25.0 kg but the control was 23.2 kg, herbaceous peat treatment (T1) was 23.1 kg, and vitamin C treatment (T2) was 23.4 kg, so there was linear increase effect of milk yield by T3. The partial significance of the milk (fat, milk protein, lactose, MUN and SNF) and change of somatic cell count before and after experiment by the control and treatments about change of milk and somatic cell counts (p<0.05) were recognized. About change of milk in the first half (1~2 weeks) and latter half (3~4 weeks) during four weeks of experiments period, the herbaceous peat supplement treatments showed a tendency of significant decrease of quality of milk protein and SNF. The control and treatments did not show significant change of blood nutrients (total protein, cholesterol, NEFA, BUN), liver function component (AST, GGT) and minerals (Ca, P, Mg) before and after experiment. In summary, it is judged that herbaceous peat feeding for lactation dairy cows would be recommendable based on the results of milk, somatic cell count physiologically.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.163-172
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• 2016

Four growing Hanwoo cattle weighing 200±11.7kg were used within 4×4 Latin square design to establish nutrient requirements for Hanwoo growing steers under severe heat stress. The steers were fed four different energy level diets; 100%(control), 100%(E100), 115%(E115) and 130%(E130) of energy levels of growing Hanwoo steers based on total digestible nutrient level suggested by the Korea Feeding Standard for Hanwoo using timothy hay and commercial concentrate. The steers in the control were housed with no stress, whereas the steers in the other groups were under severe heat stress. The severe heat stress significantly decreased(p<0.05) true digestibility of dry matter(i.e. control 81.5% vs E100 79.1, E115 77.0 and E130 76.0, respectively). The severe heat stress and different energy intake levels did not affect blood physiological metabolites and body temperature of the growing steers. Based on changes in average daily gain by different energy intake level, the equation(Y=0.235X+115.03) of energy requirement of growing Hanwoo steers without changes in body weight was calculated, indicating that, compared with the present energy intake suggested by Korean feeding standard, 15.03% of dietary energy for maintenance of growing Hanwoo steers under severe heat stress should be increased.