• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.579-588
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• 2009

This study examined the birth timing and the birth interval for married women, focusing on their employment status. Relying on 2005 National Survey of Marriage and Fertility, three different groups were selected: those who have no child until five years after marriage; those who gave birth for the first child within three years; those who gave birth for the second child within three years. Results show that married women who have temporary jobs tend to have longer period of having no child than housewives. In contrast, among those who have the second child within three years, married women who have temporary jobs tend to have shorter birth interval for their second child than housewives. Women in their 20s are more likely to have shorter period of time to have the first child and shorter interval for the second child than those in their 30s. Job security for married women, maternity leave for childbirth and childcare, and family-friendly environment should be strengthened to increase the fertility level by shortening the timing of having the first child and the birth interval.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2012

Gastric duplication is a rare anomaly which account for only 3.8% of all gastrointestinal duplication. Gastric duplications are usually cystic lesion without communication with lumen. Most frequent presentation is an abdominal mass with vomiting, mainly diagnosed within the first year of life. Surgical removal is necessary in all cases, and optimal timing for surgery is the time that diagnosis is made. However, prenatally diagnosed gastric duplication is getting more common, and determining timing for surgery is not easy due to absent or minimal symptoms just after birth. We experienced prenatally diagnosed gastric duplication in a female newborn baby that gastric duplication was suggested in $24^{th}$ week of gestational age through prenatal ultrasonogram. Surgical removal was done at 3 months after birth, and showed good results. We think that natural history of gastric duplication and prevalent age of surgical disease which is similar to gastric duplication such infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis should be considered when timing of surgery on prenatally gastric duplication is decided.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.107-128
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• 2019

When parental experience improves parenting skills, parents are likely to behave in favor of children of higher birth orders. To examine this hypothesis, this study analyzes birth month based on birth order of children in South Korea where parents prefer to have babies in the earlier months of a year. This study finds that while more babies are born in the earlier months, second-born children are more likely to be so than first children. This implies that parental experience makes for better parents.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.343-362
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate chronic radiation effects on the basal cell of the rat tongue epithelium according to different irradiation timing. Forty-two female rats were devided into 5 experimental groups according to different irradiation timing and were irradiated single dose of 396cGy by MK cell irradiator using Cs-137. Experimental rats were sacrificed at the 2nd week, 4th week and 6th week after birth. The specimens were examined with light microscope and transmission electron microscope. The following results were obtained. 1. The first changes after irraditation were vacuoles. The vacuoles were chiefly observed in the cytoplasm, perinuclei area, and nuclei. 2. The most severe degenerative changes in the basal cell layer were observed in all experimental groups. ; cellular disarrangement, vacuole formation, widening of intercellular space, enlarged mitochondria & rER, and chromatin clumping were seen. 3. The cellular degenerative changes were most severe at the 4th week after birth in all experimental group, and the basal cell hyperplasia was seen at the 6th week in the most of experimental groups 4. The experimental groups 3 and 4 show more severe and more prolonged cellular degeneration than experimental groups 1 and 2, which were irradiated in pregnancy, and experimental group 5, which was irradiated after tongue maturation.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.639-653
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting the decisions regarding second births. Especially, analysis focused on the connections between desire for a second birth and the family factors such as family values and marital relations because they have been rarely known until now. Data was from 1,156 married women that had only one child and had been part of the national data collected by KIHASA in 2003. Major findings can be summarized as follows. First, it was found that value-related factors affect the likelihood of a second birth. The degree of parental responsibility is negatively related with the desire for a second birth. However, the perceived ideal number of children is positively related to it. Second, it was found that the quality of family relations influences the decision for the second birth. Particularly, marital satisfaction is likely to be the most important factor tending to mediate the effects of socio-demographic factors and value-related factors on the plan for a second birth. These results suggest that the effects of social norms on the number of children and timing of childbearing which exist in the family are becoming weaker. Nevertheless, the traditional value of children such as a preference for a son can still be found.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 2004

Improvement in prenatal ultrasonography is leading to diagnose choledochal cyst before birth and before onset of classical symptom more frequently. But, there is a controversy about optimal timing for Cyst excision of prenatally diagnosed asymptomatic choledochal cyst. To identify the most appropriate timing for surgery in prenatally diagnosed choledochal Cysts, we analyzed 6 patients who had operation for choledochal cysts within 30days after birth at the division of Pediatric Surgery, Samsung Medical Center and Inha University School of Medicine, from June 1995 to June 2002. Males were four and females 2, the mean age at operation was 11.2 days, and the median age 8.0 days. The range of gestational ages of the antenatal diagnosis of bile duct dilatation was 24 weeks to 32 weeks, mean was 38.3 weeks, and mean birth weight was 3,298.3 g. After birth, abdominal ultrasonography, hepatobiliary scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancratography (MRCP) were performed. Mean age at operation was 11.2 days. All patients had the cyst excision and Rouxen-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Immediate postoperative complication was not found. During the median follow-up period of 41 months, one patient was admitted due to cholangitis, and the other due to variceal bleeding. Early operative treatment of asymptomatic newborn is safe and effective to prevent developing complications later in life.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.75-77
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate optimal time of artificial insemination (AI) to Hanwoo female after natural estrus. AI was occurred 12 and 24 hours after natural estrus in both heifer and multiparous recipient then pregnancy and parturition rates were estimated. Results indicated that AI performed at 24 hours after natural estrus showed significant (p<0.05) higher pregnancy rate in both heifer and multiparous recipient groups with significantly (p<0.05) higher abortion rate. However, there are no significant differences of parturition rate, twin birth and sex ratio in both heifer and multiparous recipient groups. Therefore, our results may suggest that performance of AI at 24 hours after natural estrus promise higher pregnancy rate than AI at 12 hours after natural estrus in both heifer and multiparous recipient.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.125-148
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• 1998

Accurate vital statistics are essential for a national health planning and evaluation. Among various vital statistics, birth and death rates, and infant and matemal mortality rates together with the causes of death are the very basic ones for above purposes as well as for the maternal and child health management. These statistics are based on the birth and death reports. It is required by law to report every birth and death within one month after its occurrence. However, in case of a neonatal death occurring prior to the birth report, most of the birth and death are not reported. Thus accurate infant and maternal mortality rates are not available yet in Korea. The main objective of this study is to develop a birth and infant death reporting system via computer network. We designed a new birth report form based on the current form and data from the analysis of medical record forms of 14 hospitals. A new form is basically addition of essential medical information to the current birth report form. Since a revision of the rules and regulations related wtih the birth report is necessary to use a new form, we kept the current from intact to make it acceptable to the government office for a field trial. We also developed computer programs for data input for birth and death reports at a medical faciltiy, data processing for production of maternal and child health indices at a health center, and management of maternal and child health services including immunization and postantal care at health center. The birth certificate and birth report can be printed out at a medical facility. The computer packages were programmed by Borland Delphi 3.0 and can be run under Windows 95 system. We proposed a new birth and death reporting system via computer network after a field trial for data input, transmission, and processing. The medical and demographic data o birth and death at medical facilities will be sent to health centers directly via computer network. The health center will retain the medical data for analysis and forward only the data for birth and death reports required by current regulations to the Dong, Up, or Myun Office. Once the birth or death is reported via computer network to the Dong Office, then the Dong Office will notify the baby's mother of the birth report and request to submit the baby's name by mail. When the baby's name its submitted. the Dong Office will forward the birth reports to the Common Court and Statistics Agency in the same way as the current system, Upon the completion of birth registration of the Common Court, the court will issue the birth certificate to mother which will be used in lieu of the family record. The advantages of proposed birth and death reporting system via computer network ar as follows ; I) The accuracy, timing, and completeness of reporting will be improved and more accurate maternal and child health indices can be obtained, ii) The maternal and child health services of health center will be obtained, iii) Epidemiologic data for pregnancy and birth can be obtained, iv) Manpower for birth and death reporting will be saved.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.359-362
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• 2012

Objective : To investigate the effect of surgery time on prognosis of newborns with meningomyelocele. Methods : The records of neonates with meningomyelocele were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic and clinical characteristics as well as information, timing of surgery, and durations of hospital stay and antibiotic therapy were recorded. Results : The records of 30 babies were included in the final analysis. Overall, the mean gestational age was $37.7{\pm}2.7$ weeks, with a mean birth weight of $2967{\pm}755$ g and head circumference of $35.8{\pm}3.8$ cm. In terms of localization, 46.6% of the meningomyeloceles were lumbosacral, 40% were lumbar, 10% were thoracolumbar and 3.3% were thoracal. The mean size of the meningomyelocele sacs was $4.33{\pm}1.2$ cm. Newborns underwent surgery on average of $8.2{\pm}5.9$ days after birth, with an overall mean duration of hospital stay of $30{\pm}25.1$ days. Patients were divided into two groups based on timing of surgery (group 1, ${\leq}5$ days; group 2, >5 days), and comparisons between groups revealed that earlier surgery was associated with significantly shorter durations of hospital stay (p<0.001) and antibiotic therapy (p<0.05). Conclusion : Early surgical intervention (${\leq}5$ days) was associated with a shorter duration of hospital stay and antibiotic therapy as well as a lower complication rate. We recommend that corrective surgery be undertaken as soon as reasonably possible.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2009

The survival of Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW) infants has been improved with the advancement of neonatal intensive care. However, the incidence of accompanying gastrointestinal complications such as necrotizing enterocolitis has also been increasing. In intestinal perforation of the newborn, enterostomy with or without intestinal resection is a common practice, but there is no clear indication when to close the enterostomy. To determine the proper timing of enterostomy closure, the medical records of 12 VLBW infants who underwent enterostomy due to intestinal perforation between Jan. 2004 and Jul. 2007 were reviewed retrospectively. Enterostomy was closed when patients were weaned from ventilator, incubator-out and gaining adequate body weight. Pre-operative distal loop contrast radiographs were obtained to confirm the distal passage and complete removal of the contrast media within 24-hours. Until patients reached oral intake, all patients received central-alimentation. The mean gestational age of patients was $26^{+2}$ wks ($24^{+1}{\sim}33^{+0}$ wks) and the mean birth weight was 827 g (490~1450 g). The mean age and the mean body weight at the time of enterostomy formation were 15days (6~38 days) and 888 g (590~1870 g). The mean body weight gain was 18 g/day (14~25 g/day) with enterostomy. Enterostomy closure was performed on the average of 90days (30~123 days) after enterostomy formation. The mean age and the mean body weight were 105 days (43~136 days) and 2487 g (2290~2970 g) at the time of enterostomy closure. The mean body weight gain was 22 g/day after enterostomy closure. Major complications were not observed. In conclusion, the growth in VLBW infants having enterostomy was possible while supporting nutrition with central-alimentation and the enterostomy can be closed safely when the patient's body weights is more than 2.3 kg.