• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제45권8호
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• pp.98-105
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• 2008

FlexRay는 높은 유연성과 신뢰성을 갖는 고속의 통신프로토콜이다. 자동차회사와 반도체회사들에 의해 개발되었고 x-by-wire 시스템을 이용하여 차량 내 LAN으로 구현된다. FlexRay는 차량 내 전자 장치간의 통신을 위해 고속의 시리얼 통신, time triggered bus, fault tolerant 통신을 제공한다. 본 논문에서는 먼저 SDL(Specification and Description Language)을 이용하여 FlexRay communication controller와 bus guardian 프로토콜 규격과 기능 부분을 설계한다. 다음 설계한 SDL 소스를 기반으로 Verilog HDL을 이용하여 하드웨어로 설계한다. 설계한 FlexRay 시스템은 Samsung $0.35{\mu}m$ 공정을 이용하여 합성하였으며, 그 결과 76 MHz의 속도로 동작하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 FlexRay 시스템의 동작을 확인하기 위해 차량에 적용되는 자동차 경보 시스템에 응용하였다. FlexRay 시스템은 ALTERA Excalibur ARM EPAX4F672C3을 이용하여 검증하였으며 성공적으로 동작함을 확인하였다.

• 시스템엔지니어링학술지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2017

Concept development of a real-time Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-based switched Ethernet data communication network for the Man-Machine Interface System (MMIS) is presented in this paper. The proposed design discussed in this research is based on the systems engineering (SE) approach. The design methodology is effectively developed by defining the concept development stage of the life-cycle model consisting of three successive phases, which are developed and discussed: needs analysis; concept exploration; and concept definition. This life-cycle model is used to develop an FPGA-based time-triggered Ethernet (TTE) switched data communication network for the non-safety division of MMIS system to provide real-time data transfer from the safety control systems to the non-safety division of MMIS and between the non-safety systems including control, monitoring, and information display systems. The original IEEE standard 802.3 Ethernet networks were not typically designed or implemented for providing real-time data transmission, however implementing a network that provides both real-time and on-demand data transmission is achievable using the real-time Ethernet technology. To develop the design effectively, context diagrams are implied. Conformance to the stakeholders needs, system requirements, and relevant codes and standards together with utilizing the TTE technology are used to analyze, synthesize, and develop the MMIS non-safety data communication network of the APR1400 nuclear power plant.

• 지질공학
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.173-191
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• 2024

Landslides pose significant threats to many countries globally, yet the development and implementation of effective landslide early warning systems (LEWS) remain challenging due to multifaceted complexities spanning scientific, technological, and political domains. Addressing these challenges demands a holistic approach. Technologically, integrating thresholds, such as rainfall thresholds, with real-time data within accessible, open-source software stands as a promising solution for LEWS. This article introduces LandScient_EWS, a PHP-based program tailored to address this need. The software facilitates the comparison of real-time measured data, such as rainfall, with predefined landslide thresholds, enabling precise calculations and graphical representation of real-time landslide advisory levels across diverse spatial scales, including regional, basin, and hillslope levels. To illustrate its efficacy, the program was applied to a case study in Medellin, Colombia, where a rainfall event on August 26, 2008, triggered a shallow landslide. Through pre-defined rainfall intensity and duration thresholds, the software simulated advisory levels during the recorded rainfall event, utilizing data from a rain gauge positioned within a small watershed and a single grid cell (representing a hillslope) within that watershed. By identifying critical conditions that may lead to landslides in real-time scenarios, LandScient_EWS offers a new paradigm for assessing and responding to landslide hazards, thereby improving the efficiency and effectiveness of LEWS. The findings underscore the software's potential to streamline the integration of rainfall thresholds into both existing and future landslide early warning systems.

• 대한임베디드공학회논문지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.164-173
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• 2007

In this paper, we present a time-triggered mechanism for providing energy consumption profiles in the level of C functions. The similar mechanisms have already been introduced at the previous researches such as PowerScope and ePRO. Instead, we, in this paper, introduce our efforts to extend these researches to incorporate power domains and DVS(Dynamic Voltage Scaling), then to provide GUI-based tool as a plug-in to ESTO which is an IDE for Embedded S/W development based on Eclipse. From our experimental results, we could conclude that our approach worked and produced consistent energy consumption profiles on the DVS-applied program codes, and also displayed function level and time domain power consumption information with diverse presentation skills such as tables, phi-chart, bar-chart, 2-D graphs, consequently, is expected to provide more ease-to-use and productive IDE for lower power embedded S/W developers.

• 전자공학회논문지A
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• 제30A권7호
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• pp.75-81
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• 1993

In this paper, New type of Static Edge Triggered D Flip-Flop Circuits which are effective for the sequencial selecting and addressing of Matrix type Electrodes being applied to Flat Display Devices is proposed by the Design Technique using the Transmission Characteristics of Feedback Transistors and Charge Back Up Function. These Circuits composed of 2-4 less transistors in number than Conventional Static D Flip Flop's have some advantages that the Maximum Transition Time of Clock Signals allowed is increased by 100-450 times more than that of the Conventional circuit at 100KHz Clock Frequence and Circuit Safety is much increased by making the wider ranges, 1-4V, of Clock Levelas a Non-operating periods than 3-3.2V ranges in case of the Conventional Circuit at 10MHz clock frequence. By these advantages, These circuits can be very effectively used in case that clock signal has long transition time, especially on the low frequency operation.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.686-692
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• 2012

This study illustrates how to design and evaluate a non-point sources management detention pond using SWMM. In particular, special attention is given to the orifice design. In SWMM, orifice properties that need to be defined include its height above the bottom of the storage unit, its type, its geometry and its hydraulic properties. Among the various characteristics of orifice, the orifice hole size which is closely related to hydraulic retention time is focused in this study. Sensitivity analysis of orifice size in annual non-point sources reduction efficiency is carried out. In addition, a methodology which can be used to design a virtual junction in SWMM has been proposed to quantify water quality improvement triggered by the detention pond installation. As a result, it is recommended that a detention outlet should be designed to be about 2 to 3 days of hydraulic retention time.

• 센서학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.18-27
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• 2013

Real-time monitoring is one of the prime necessities in a weapon flight test that is required for the efficient and timely collection of large amounts of high-rate sampled data acquired by an event-trigger. The wireless sensor network is a good candidate to resolve this requirement, especially considering the inhospitable environment of a weapon flight test. In this paper, we propose a priority based multi-channel MAC protocol with CSMA/CA over a single radio for a real-time monitoring of a weapon flight test. Multi-channel transmissions of nodes can improve the network performance in wireless sensor networks. Our proposed MAC protocol has two operation modes: Normal mode and Priority Mode. In the normal mode, the node exploits the normal CSMA/CA mechanism. In the priority mode, the node has one of three grades - Class A, B, and C. The node uses a different CSMA/CA mechanism according to its grade that is determined by a signal level. High grade nodes can exploit more channels and lower backoff exponents than low ones, which allow high grade nodes to obtain more transmission opportunities. In addition, it can guarantee successful transmission of important data generated by high grade nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed MAC exhibits excellent performance in an event-triggered real-time application.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.637-644
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• 2012

서울을 비롯한 수도권 일대는 우리나라 인구의 약 40%가 집중되어 갑작스럽게 닥치는 지진재해에 매우 취약한 곳이다. 역사문헌 분석에 의하면 과거 2000여 년간 서울 지역에서 발생한 피해 지진의 최대 크기는 MMI 진도 VIII-IX로 평가되며, 이들 지진으로 건물의 큰 흔들림, 담장과 성첩의 붕괴, 민가 붕괴, 다수의 사상자가 발생하였다. 서울 지역에서 MM 진도 VIII 이상의 피해지진은 1세기(A.D. 27년, 89년)에 2회 발생하였으며, 약 1430여년의 긴 휴지기 후 16-17세기(1518년, 1613년, 1692년)에 다시 3회 발생하였고, 그 후 현재 까지 휴지기 상태이다. 1518년 서울 지진(진도 VIII-IX)시에는 약 19일에 걸쳐 24회 이상의 여진이 발생하였으며, 서울 인접 지역과 황해도 지역에도 20여 일간에 걸쳐 많은 유발지진을 발생시켰다. 역사문헌에 근거한 서울 지역의 발생 가능한 최대 피해 지진은 진도 VIII-IX 이며 이러한 지진의 발생은 약 1400-1500여년의 긴 간격을 보인다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.237-243
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• 2016

Oleanolic acid (OA) has a wide variety of bioactivities such as hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity and is used for medicinal purposes in many Asian countries. In the present study, the effect of OA on induction of autophagy in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and SMC7721 cells and the related mechanisms were investigated. MTT assay showed that OA significantly inhibited HepG2 and SMC7721 cells growth. OA treatment enhanced formation of autophagic vacuoles as revealed by monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining. At the same time, increasing punctuate distribution of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and an increasing ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I were also triggered by OA incubation. In addition, OA-induced cell death was significantly inhibited by autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine (CQ) pretreatment. And we found out that OA can suppress the PI3K/Akt1/mTOR signaling pathway. Furthermore, our data suggested that OA-triggered autophagy was ROS-dependent as demonstrated by elevated cellular ROS levels by OA treatment. When ROS was cleared by N-acetylcysteine (NAC), OA-induced LC3-II convertsion and cell death were all reversed. Taken together, our results suggest that OA exerts anticancer effect via autophagic cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.202-212
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• 2017

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent; however, the dose-dependent cardiotoxicity associated with DOX significantly limits its clinical application. In the present study, we investigated whether Rb1 could prevent DOX-induced apoptosis in H9C2 cells via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). H9C2 cells were treated with various concentrations ($-{\mu}M$) of Rb1. AhR, CYP1A protein and mRNA expression were quantified with Western blot and real-time PCR analyses. We also evaluated the expression levels of caspase-3 to assess the anti-apoptotic effects of Rb1. Our results showed that Rb1 attenuated DOX-induced cardiomyocytes injury and apoptosis and reduced caspase-3 and caspase-8, but not caspase-9 activity in DOX-treated H9C2 cells. Meanwhile, pre-treatment with Rb1 decreased the expression of caspase-3 and PARP in the protein levels, with no effects on cytochrome c, Bax, and Bcl-2 in DOX-stimulated cells. Rb1 markedly decreased the CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 expression induced by DOX. Furthermore, transfection with AhR siRNA or pre-treatment with AhR antagonist CH-223191 significantly inhibited the ability of Rb1 to decrease the induction of CYP1A, as well as caspase-3 protein levels following stimulation with DOX. In conclusion, these findings indicate that AhR plays an important role in the protection of Ginsenoside Rb1 against DOX-triggered apoptosis of H9C2 cells.