• Journal of architectural history
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.163-179
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• 2003

The records of about 60 travel essays of the Hall of Bhaisajyaguru(Healing) Budda which was built in Chung Yang Temple passed down since 1525. The chronological change of that Hall architecture according to each period was traced upon. The building structure of the Hall of Bhaisajyaguru Budda which has a roundabout way, and 6 pillars inside, sometimes each 6 pillars inside and outside is hexagonal, one story building in Japanese colonial period(picture 3-1) or the present(picture 3-3). The panaromic picture of Chung Yang Temple shows no alterations of the layout of buildings(picture 1-1), in which the Hall of $Praj{\tilde{n}}{\bar{a}}$(般若殿), the main building in the center and the Hall of Bhaisajyaguru(Healing) Budda, three story stone pagoda, stone lighthouse in front of it became the central axis. The Hall of Bhaisajyaguru(Healing) Budda remained as it was until Japanese invasions in 1592 and 1597. However, it was greatly damaged by the flood in 1717. It was newly built by Lee Ha Gon's leading in 1717-1732. At that time, the interior design was changed. With Bhaisajyaguru(Healing) Budda, 53 Buddhas and ${\acute{S}}arira$ of Stone stupa which show itself by the flood in 1717 was located in the image of the Mountain of Chunchuk or Cheontae like Yu Jeom Temple. The doors of this Hall are located in the front and back. In the four walls each, two realistic and cubic buddhism pictures were drawn, The color of those picture was partly taken off in 1671 and repainted in 1714. The new building in 1717-1732 regained its colorful appearance. However, the names written beside each Images of Buddha disappeared. The notable remark in these records is that some of these travel essays in 17th-18th centuries was calling this hexagonal hall as the octagonal one. It is very important records because it means that before 1525 the octagonal hall might have existed. Chung Yang Temple was rebuilt between 1976 and 1985 after the destruction in the Korean War. After the records are carefully read, the full scale excavation about this historic site was not done yet. The interesting issue of the existence of octagonal building will be resolved by the full scale excavation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.410-418
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• 2017

The stability of low-crested structure (LCS) and overtopping discharge over a seawall behind the LCS are influenced by the water level behind the structure. Hence, the experimental results can be distorted unless the increase of water level is known when two-dimensional experiment is carried out. In order to estimate increase of the mean water level behind the low-crested structure, this study applied a hybrid technique that combined results of two-dimensional model test and hydrodynamic numerical modeling based on the relationship between the water level and discharge. By using this technique, the mean water level increase and flow field can be obtained almost at the same time, which resolved the above problem considerably. In addition, this method can provide an approximate information about the outflow velocity from the openings of the structure, which is helpful for selecting appropriate planar configuration of the low-crested structure.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.92-106
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• 2004

Elemental dry deposition fluxes were measured using dry deposition plates from March to June 1998 in Seoul, Korea. During this spring sampling period several yellow sand events characterized by long-range transport from China and Mongolia impacted the area. Understanding the impact of yellow-sand events on atmospheric dry deposition is critical to managing the heavy metal levels in the environment in Korea. In this study, the measured flux of a primarily crustal metal, Al and an anthropogenic metal, Pb was used with two hybrid receptor models, potential source contribution function (PSCF) and residence time weighted concentration (RTWC) for locating sources of heavy metals associated with atmospheric dry deposition fluxes during the yellow-sand events in Seoul, Korea. The PSCF using a criterion value of the 75th percentile of the measured dry deposition fluxes and RTWC results using the measured elemental dry deposition fluxes agreed well and consistently showed that there were large potential source areas in the Gobi Desert in China and Mongolia and industrial areas near Tianjin, Tangshan, and Shenyang in China. Major industrial areas of Shenyang, Fushun, and Anshan, the Central China loess plateau, the Gobi Desert, and the Alaskan semi-desert in China were identified to be major source areas for the measured Pb flux in Seoul, Korea. For Al, the main industrial areas of Tangshan, Tianjin and Beijing, the Gobi Desert, the Alashan semi-desert, and the Central China loess plateau were found to be the major source areas. These results indicate that both anthropogenic sources such as industrial areas and natural sources such as deserts contribute to the high dry deposition fluxes of both Pb and Al in Seoul, Korea during yellow-sand events. RTWC resolved several high potential source areas. Modeling results indicated that the long-range transport of Al and Pb from China during yellow-sand events as well as non yellow-sand spring daytimes increased atmospheric dry deposition of heavy metals in Korea.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.553-564
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• 2020

Transition between explosive and effusive eruption in Ulleung Island is observed in the Nari Scoria Deposits and Albong Trachyandesite (lava dome) origined by dome-building eruption and may be related to factors such as magma influx, ascent rate and degassing. However, the interpretation of them has not been resolved yet because the interaction between these factors is not complex but also the resulting behaviour during eruption is unpredictable. This paper focuses on the explosive and effusive activity perceived during building the Albong lava dome in Nari caldera. Samples were collected along with time from the scoria deposits and lava dome, linked to eruption stage and style of activity. Textures of groundmass feldspar microlites from these samples are quantitatively analyzed, including measurements of areal number density, mean microlite size, crystal aspect ratio, groundmass crystallinity and crystal size. The microlite textures show that shallow pre- and syn-eruptive magmatic processes acted to govern the changing behaviour during the eruption. Transition between explosive and effusive eruption was driven by the dynamics of magma ascent in the conduit, with degassing and crystallisation acting via feedback mechanisms, resulting in a cycle of effusive and explosive eruption.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.437-444
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• 2007

This paper experimentally investigates the effects of oxygen-enriched air (OEA) on the running behaviors of an LPG SI engine during both start/warm-up (SW) and hot idling (HI) stages. The experiments were performed on an air-cooled, single-cylinder, 4-stroke, LPG SI engine with an electronic fuel injection system and an electrically-heated oxygen sensor. OEA containing 23% and 25% oxygen (by volume) was supplied for the experiments. The throttle position was fixed at that of idle condition. A fueling strategy was used as following: the fuel injection pulse width (FIPW) in the first cycle of injection was set 5.05 ms, and 2.6 ms in the subsequent cycles till the achieving of closed-loop control. In closed-loop mode, the FIPW was adjusted by the ECU in terms of the oxygen sensor feedback. Instantaneous engine speed, cylinder pressure, engine-out time-resolved HC, CO and NOx emissions and excess air coefficient (EAC) were measured and compared to the intake air baseline (ambient air, 21% oxygen). The results show that during SW stage, with the increase in the oxygen concentration in the intake air, the EAC of the mixture is much closer to the stoichiometric one and more oxygen is made available for oxidation, which results in evidently-improved combustion. The ignition in the first firing cycle starts earlier and peak pressure and maximum heat release rate both notably increase. The maximum engine speed is elevated and HC and CO emissions are reduced considerably. The percent reductions in HC emissions are about 48% and 68% in CO emissions about 52% and 78%; with 23% and 25% OEA, respectively, compared to ambient air. During HI stage, with OEA, the fuel amount per cycle increases due to closed-loop control, the engine speed rises, and speed stability is improved. The HC emissions notably decrease: about 60% and 80% with 23% and 25% OEA, respectively, compared to ambient air. The CO emissions remain at the same low level as with ambient air. During both SW and HI stages, intake air oxygen enrichment causes the delay of spark timing and the increased NOx emissions.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.27 no.2 s.89
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• pp.112-118
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• 1999

Strains of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici isolated from Korea, Japan and U.S.A. were used for electrophoretic karyotype (EK) analysis. Chromosome separations on FastLane agarose gels (FMC BioProducts, Rockland, ME), called pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), were performed by CHEF-DRII apparatus (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Melville, NY) using TAE as a running buffer. To obtain optimal condition for separation of chromosome sized DNAs, variable running conditions such as field strengths, swithching intervals, and running time were applied in CHEF gel electrophoresis. We were able to resolve 9 to 11 chromosome sized DNAs ranging in size from 0.76 to 6.41 Mb in isolates from Korea and estimate that the total genome size was ranging from 35.29 to 38.92 Mb. Distinct differences in length range and genome size exist among isolates from different countries. Isolates from Japan and U.S.A. were resolved 9 to 11 chromosome sized DNAs ranging in size from 1.24 to 6.85 Mb and estimated that the total genome size was ranging from 35.32 to 43.87 Mb. Isolates from variable provinces in Korea had the same or similar chromosomal polymorphism and showed different chromosomal DNA patterns compared to isolates from the other countries.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.02a
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• pp.961-970
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• 2009

Over the last decade, interactive devices such as mobile phones have become complicated drastically mainly because of feature creep, the tendency for the number of features in a product to rise with each release of the product. One of the ways to reduce the complexity of a multi-functional device is to design it consistently. Although the definition of consistency is elusive and it is sometimes beneficial to be inconsistent, in general, consistently designed systems are easier to learn, easier to remember, and causing less errors. In practice, however, it is often not easy to design the user interaction or interface of a multi-functional device consistently. Since the interaction design of a multi-functional device should deal with a large number of design variables and relations among them, solving this problem might be very time-consuming and error-prone. Therefore, there is a strong need for a well-developed methodology that supports the complex design process. This study has developed an effective and efficient methodology, called CUID (Consistent Design of User Interaction), which focuses on logical consistency rather than physical or visual consistency. CUID deals with three main problems in interaction design: procedure design for each task, decisions of available operations(or functions) for each system state, and the mapping of available operations(functions) and interface controls. It includes a process for interaction design and a software tool for supporting the process. This paper also demonstrates how CUID supports the consistent design of user interaction by presenting a case study. It shows that the logical inconsistencies of a multi-functional device can be resolved by using the CUID methodology.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2015

$La_2W_3O_{12}:Eu^{3+}$ phosphors were prepared by solid state reaction method. The crystal structure was characterized by XRD pattern and ICSD card (78180). Luminescence properties of $La_2W_3O_{12}:Eu^{3+}$ are investigated by optical and laser-excitation spectroscopy in which emission and excitation spectra and time-resolved spectra are measured. The 1 mol % $Eu^{3+}$-doped $La_2W_3O_{12}$ phosphor exhibits broad excitation band peaking at 286 nm due to the ligand-to-metal charge transfer transition. The excitation lines due to the $^7F_0{\rightarrow}{^5D_4},{^5D_4},{^5L_6},{^5G_4},{^5D_3},{^5D_2}$ transitions of $Eu^{3+}$ are observed in the wavelength region 350-500 nm. The strong line emission is observed at 618 nm corresponding to the due to the $^5D_0{\rightarrow}^7F_2$ transition. The lifetime of 618 nm emission decreases with increasing temperature as 7 K ($114{\mu}s$), 100 K ($94{\mu}s$), 200 K ($10{\mu}s$) and 300 K ($0.5{\mu}s$).

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.67 no.1
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• pp.114-123
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• 2018

This paper concerns a design and learning method of softmax function neural networks based on K-means clustering. The partial discharge data Information is preliminarily processed through simulation using an Epoxy Mica Coupling sensor and an internal Phase Resolved Partial Discharge Analysis algorithm. The obtained information is processed according to the characteristics of the pattern using a Motor Insulation Monitoring System program. At this time, the processed data are total 4 types that void discharge, corona discharge, surface discharge and slot discharge. The partial discharge data with high dimensional input variables are secondarily processed by principal component analysis method and reduced with keeping the characteristics of pattern as low dimensional input variables. And therefore, the pattern classifier processing speed exhibits improved effects. In addition, in the process of extracting the partial discharge data through the MIMS program, the magnitude of amplitude is divided into the maximum value and the average value, and two pattern characteristics are set and compared and analyzed. In the first half of the proposed partial discharge pattern classifier, the input and hidden layers are classified by using the K-means clustering method and the output of the hidden layer is obtained. In the latter part, the cross entropy error function is used for parameter learning between the hidden layer and the output layer. The final output layer is output as a normalized probability value between 0 and 1 using the softmax function. The advantage of using the softmax function is that it allows access and application of multiple class problems and stochastic interpretation. First of all, there is an advantage that one output value affects the remaining output value and its accompanying learning is accelerated. Also, to solve the overfitting problem, L2-normalization is applied. To prove the superiority of the proposed pattern classifier, we compare and analyze the classification rate with conventional radial basis function neural networks.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.147-163
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• 2004

For the purchase of a cheaper product on the Internet, many customers have been trying to search online shopping mall sites and visit comparison-pricing shops that compare prices and other criteria of the product. Others have been participating into online auction markets or group-buying markets. However, a lot of online shopping malls, auction markets, and group-buying markets provide the same product with different prices. Since these marketplaces have different price settlement mechanism, it is very difficult for the customers to determine marketplace to purchase, considering different kinds of marketplaces at the same time. To overcome such limitations, decision rules and solution procedures for purchase decision making are necessary, which can cover multiple marketplaces simultaneously. For this purpose, purchase decision making in each market must be conducted to maximize customer's utility, and conflicts with other marketplaces must be resolved. Therefore, we have developed the rules and methods that can negotiate cooperatively the purchase decision making in several marketplaces, and designed an architecture of Intelligent Buyer Agent and a message structure to support the idea.