• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제69권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2019

Thermal cracks are cracks that commonly form at early ages in mass concrete. During the concrete pouring process, the elastic modulus changes continuously. This requires the time domain to be divided into several steps in order to solve for the temperature, stress, and displacement of the concrete. Numerical simulations of thermal crack propagation in concrete are more difficult at early ages. To solve this problem, this study divides crack propagation in concrete at early ages into two cases: the case in which cracks do not propagate but the elastic modulus of the concrete changes and the case in which cracks propagate at a certain time. This paper provides computational models for these two cases by integrating the characteristics of the extended finite element algorithm, compiles the corresponding computational programs, and verifies the accuracy of the proposed model using numerical comparisons. The model presented in this paper has the advantages of high computational accuracy and stable results in resolving thermal cracking and its propagation in concrete at early ages.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제57권5호
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• pp.278-286
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• 2020

Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulations have been performed to investigate an effect of numerical region with high resolution for Kelvin wave around KRISO container ship on its resistance. In the present study, 13 millions cells were used to describe wave profile along the ship hull and Kelvin wave patterns. In order to control a size of numerical region with high resolution for waves around the hull, we employed relaxation zones from a side boundary of numerical domain in which Kelvin wave was suppressed. When the far-field Kelvin wave was not precisely resolved due to the relaxation zone, the instantaneous history of ship resistance was affected although the time average of ship resistance showed -1.15~2.1 % errors. Especially, the damping characteristics of ship resistance in time history was significant when using a large relaxation zone in the side boundary.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.116-123
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• 2013

본 논문은 시변 해수면을 생성하고 KA(Kirchhoff Approximation) 기반으로 산란계수를 시뮬레이션하여 결정론적 모델인 벨홉 임펄스 응답에 적용함으로써 시변동성 채널을 생성한다. 1D Pierson-Moskowitz 해수면 스펙트럼과 가우시안 상관 함수를 이용하여 일정한 속도로 변화하는 시 변동성 해수면을 사용하였다. 산란계수는 벨홉의 채널 임펄스 응답의 신호 응답 강도에 적용한다. 실제 실측 데이터에서 해수면 반사 성분을 분리하여 시 변동성 특성에 대한 도플러 파워 스펙트럼을 구하고, 해수면 산란계수 시뮬레이션의 결과와 비교하여 해수면에 사용된 가우시안 상관 함수의 상관 시간을 추정하였다. 최종적으로 생성된 시변동성 채널에 수동 시역전 통신 시나리오를 가정하고 기법을 적용하여 비트에러율 및 채널응답 상관계수 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.105-118
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• 2008

숏크리트는 터널에서 사용되는 중요한 지보재이다. 숏크리트와 암반의 접착상태는 터널의 안정성 및 사용성에 큰 영향을 끼치는 중요한 평가 요소이다. NATM공법을 이용한 터널 굴착시 굴착면 빛 벤치부에서 발파에 의해 숏크리트가 부착력을 잃고 암반으로부터 탈락되거나 공동이 형성되는 경우 숏크리트 자체의 파괴뿐만 아니라 터널의 전체적인 안정에도 악영향을 미친다. 숏크리트의 접착상태는 완전 접착, 접착력 상실, 그리고 공동으로 분류할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 비파괴 시험인 충격반향기법(Impact-Echo)을 이용하여 숏크기트와 암반의 접착상태를 평가하고자 하였다. 범용 유한요소 해석 프로그램인 ABAQUS를 이용하여 충격반향시험에 대한 수치해석을 수행하였다. 수치해석으로부터 획득된 신호를 시간영역, 주파수 영역 및 시간-주파수 영역에서 각각 해석하여 숏크리트와 암반의 접착상태에 따른 신호특성을 분석하였다. 분석결과 능동적 신호 처리 기법인 Short-Time Fourier Transform(STFT)을 이용하여 숏크리트 배면의 접착상태를 효과적으로 예측할 수 있었다. 숏크리트 배면의 접착상태가 불량할수록 시간영역 신호의 최대 진폭 이후 첫 진폭이 커지며, 주파수 영역에서 최대 에너지가 커진다. 또한 뚜렷한 공진 주파수가 나타나므로 숏크리트의 두께의 역산이 가능해진다. 시간-주파수 영역에서 윤곽선은 시간축에 평행한 형상을 나타낸다. 또한 완전 접착조건에서 지반 종류에 따른 신호특성도 분석하였다. 지반조건이 불량할수록 시간-주파수 영역에서 시간축과 평행한 윤곽선의 길이가 길어지며 그 주파수 대역은 10 kHz 이하의 저주파수 영역에서 나타난다.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2003년도 제20회 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.32-33
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• 2003

Mechanism of a periodic oscillation of shock-induced combustion over a two- dimensional wedges and axi-symmetric cones were investigated through a series of numerical simulations at off-attaching condition of oblique detonation waves(ODW). A same computational domain over 40 degree half-angle was considered for two-dimensional and axi-symmetric shock-induced combustion phenomena. For two-dimensional shock-induced combustion, a 2H2+02+17N2 mixture was considered at Mach number was 5.85with initial temperature 292 K and initial pressureof 12 KPa. The Rankine-Hugoniot relation has solution of attached waves at this condition. For axi-symmetric shock-induced combustion, a H2+2O2+2Ar mixture was considered at Mach number was 5.0 with initial temperature 288 K and initial pressure of 200 mmHg. The flow conditions were based on the conditions of similar experiments and numerical studies.[1, 3]Numerical simulation was carried out with a compressible fluid dynamics code with a detailed hydrogen-oxygen combustion mechanism.[4, 5] A series of calculations were carried out by changing the fluid dynamic time scale. The length wedge is varied as a simplest way of changing the fluid dynamic time scale. Result reveals that there is a chemical kinetic limit of the detached overdriven detonation wave, in addition to the theoretical limit predicted by Rankine-Hugoniot theory with equilibrium chemistry. At the off-attaching condition of ODW the shock and reaction waves still attach at a wedge as a periodically oscillating oblique shock-induced combustion, if the Rankine-Hugoniot limit of detachment isbut the chemical kinetic limit is not.Mechanism of the periodic oscillation is considered as interactions between shock and reaction waves coupled with chemical kinetic effects. There were various regimes of the periodicmotion depending on the fluid dynamic time scales. The difference between the two-dimensional and axi-symmetric simulations were distinct because the flow path is parallel and uniform behind the oblique shock waves, but is not behind the conical shock waves. The shock-induced combustion behind the conical shockwaves showed much more violent and irregular characteristics.From the investigation of characteristic chemical time, condition of the periodic instability is identified as follows; at the detaching condition of Rankine-Hugoniot theory, (1) flow residence time is smaller than the chemical characteristic time, behind the detached shock wave with heat addition, (2) flow residence time should be greater than the chemical characteristic time, behind an oblique shock wave without heat addition.

• 대기
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.639-657
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• 2015

There is an increasing need to improve the air quality over South Korea to protect public health from local and remote anthropogenic pollutant emissions that are in an increasing trend. Here, we evaluate the performance of the WRF-Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting-Chemistry) model in simulating near-surface air quality of major Korean cities, and investigate the impacts of time-varying chemical initial and lateral boundary conditions (IC/BCs) on the air quality simulation using a chemical downscaling technique. The model domain was configured over the East Asian region and anthropogenic MICS-Asia 2010 emissions and biogenic MEGAN-2 emissions were applied with RACM gaseous chemistry and MADE/SORGAM aerosol mechanism. Two simulations were conducted for a 30-days period on April 2010 with chemical IC/BCs from the WRF-Chem default chemical species profiles ('WRF experiment') and the MOZART-4 (Model for OZone And Related chemical Tracers version 4) ('WRF_MOZART experiment'), respectively. The WRF_MOZART experiment has showed a better performance to predict near-surface CO, $NO_2$, $SO_2$, and $O_3$ mixing ratios at 7 major Korean cities than the WRF experiment, showing lower mean bias error (MBE) and higher index of agreement (IOA). The quantitative impacts of the chemical IC/BCs have depended on atmospheric residence time of the pollutants as well as the relative difference of chemical mixing ratios between the WRF and WRF_MOZART experiments at the lateral boundaries. Specifically, the WRF_MOZART experiment has reduced MBE in CO and O3 mixing ratios by 60~80 ppb and 5~10 ppb over South Korea than those in the WRF-Chem default simulation, while it has a marginal impact on $NO_2$ and $SO_2$ mixing ratios. Without using MOZART-4 chemical IC, the WRF simulation has required approximately 6-days chemical spin-up time for the East Asian model domain. Overall, the results indicate that realistic chemical IC/BCs are prerequisite in the WRF-Chem simulation to improve a forecast skill of local air quality over South Korea, even in case the model domain is sufficiently large to represent anthropogenic emissions from China, Japan, and South Korea.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제45회 하계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.99-99
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• 2013

In this talk, I will present two research works in progress, which are: i) mapping of piezoelectric polarization and associated charge density distribution in the heteroepitaxial InGaN/GaN multi-quantum well (MQW) structure of a light emitting diode (LED) by using inline electron holography and ii) in-situ observation of the polarization switching process of an ferroelectric Pb(Zr1-x,Tix)O3 (PZT) thin film capacitor under an applied electric field in transmission electron microscope (TEM). In the first part, I will show that strain as well as total charge density distributions can be mapped quantitatively across all the functional layers constituting a LED, including n-type GaN, InGaN/GaN MQWs, and p-type GaN with sub-nm spatial resolution (~0.8 nm) by using inline electron holography. The experimentally obtained strain maps were verified by comparison with finite element method simulations and confirmed that not only InGaN QWs (2.5 nm in thickness) but also GaN QBs (10 nm in thickness) in the MQW structure are strained complementary to accommodate the lattice misfit strain. Because of this complementary strain of GaN QBs, the strain gradient and also (piezoelectric) polarization gradient across the MQW changes more steeply than expected, resulting in more polarization charge density at the MQW interfaces than the typically expected value from the spontaneous polarization mismatch alone. By quantitative and comparative analysis of the total charge density map with the polarization charge map, we can clarify what extent of the polarization charges are compensated by the electrons supplied from the n-doped GaN QBs. Comparison with the simulated energy band diagrams with various screening parameters show that only 60% of the net polarization charges are compensated by the electrons from the GaN QBs, which results in the internal field of ~2.0 MV cm-1 across each pair of GaN/InGaN of the MQW structure. In the second part of my talk, I will present in-situ observations of the polarization switching process of a planar Ni/PZT/SrRuO3 capacitor using TEM. We observed the preferential, but asymmetric, nucleation and forward growth of switched c-domains at the PZT/electrode interfaces arising from the built-in electric field beneath each interface. The subsequent sideways growth was inhibited by the depolarization field due to the imperfect charge compensation at the counter electrode and preexisting a-domain walls, leading to asymmetric switching. It was found that the preexisting a-domains split into fine a- and c-domains constituting a $90^{\circ}$ stripe domain pattern during the $180^{\circ}$ polarization switching process, revealing that these domains also actively participated in the out-of-plane polarization switching. The real-time observations uncovered the origin of the switching asymmetry and further clarified the importance of charged domain walls and the interfaces with electrodes in the ferroelectric switching processes.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.99-106
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• 2008

To improve $B_1$ homogeneity in high field MRI, the RF power is applied to the transmit array coil elements sequentially in the time-multiplexed way. Since only a single coil element is activated in a time-multiplexing slot, the global standing wave formation in the human body is greatly suppressed. The time-multiplexing slot width is on the order of micro seconds, hence, high-order-harmonic slices can be placed far from the transmit coil and simultaneous multiple slice selection can be avoided. The $B_1$ homogeneities of a birdcage coil and an eight-channel transmit array coil have been compared through finite difference time domain simulations. The simulation results indicate that the proposed technique can reduce the peak-to-peak $B_1$ inhomogeneity down to one fourth of the transmission with a birdcage coil on the central plane of the human head model at 3 T. The mimicking experiments at 3 T, eight separate experiments with a single coil element activated and image reconstruction by combining the eight images, also show promising results. It is expected that the proposed technique has some advantages over other $B_1$ improving methods in real practice since simple RF switching circuitries are only necessary and electromagnetic coupling between the coil elements is out of concern in its realization.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제49권8호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 고속 시변 채널 OFDM을 위한 저복잡도 LS(Least Squares) 채널 예측의 성능 개선 방안을 제안한다. 저복잡도 LS 채널 예측을 위해 사용하는 CE-BEM(Complex Exponential-Basis Expansion Model) 채널 모델의 경우 채널 모델 자체의 문제점으로 인하여 채널 예측 성능 저하가 발생한다. 본 논문에서는 우선 시간 영역 윈도우를 이용하여 데이터 심볼에 의한 ICI(Interchannel Interference)의 영향을 제거한다. LS 채널 예측 결과에서 샘플을 취하여 윈도우의 영향을 제거한 후 특성이 채널 변화의 표현에 적합한 DPSS(Discrete Prolate Spheroidal Sequences)를 기저함수(basis function)로 하는 보간 (interpolation) 방식으로 채널 응답을 복원하여 CE-BEM의 문제점을 해결한다. 컴퓨터 모의실험을 통한 성능 확인 결과 제안된 채널 예측 방식은 기존의 방식과 비교하여 특히 고속 시변 채널에서 우수한 성능 개선 효과를 보여주며, 선택된 기저함수의 형태뿐만 아니라 기저함수의 개수의 설정이 성능을 크게 좌우하는 또 다른 요소임을 확인하였다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.10-10
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• 2002

본 논문은 기지국들로부터 단말기로의 TDOA(Time Difference of Arrival) 성분을 기반으로 한 무선측위 기법의 성능향상에 영향을 미치는 다중경로의 최초 도착 시간 지연 성분을 정밀하게 취득하기 위한 고해상 채널 추정 기법을 소개한다. 제안된 고해상 채널 추정 기법은 3GPP에서 공용 파일럿 신호의 수신 자기 상관 함수 특성을 주파수 영역상에서 샘플링하고 Hermitian Toeplitz 성질을 만족하는 행렬을 구성하여 이에 대한 벡터 영역상의 분석을 거쳐 시간 지연 성분들을 정밀 추정하게 된다. 본 논문에서 시뮬레이션을 통하여 제안된 고해상 채널 추정 기법을 수정 CODIT 모델을 바탕으로 3GPP에서 고려되는 PR-IPDL(Pseudo Random-Idle Period Downlink)과 TA-lPDL(Time Aligned-Idle Period Down-link) 무선 측위 기법에 적용하여 무선 측위 성능을 체계적으로 분석한다.