• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.40-46
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine which spatiotemporal gait parameters obtained during hemiplegic walking could be a predictive factor for the Timed Up and Go test (TUG). Two hundreds nine subjects who had suffered a stroke were recruited for this study. They were participated in two assessments; the TUG test and gait analysis. The relationship between the TUG test and spatiotemporal parameters was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficients. In addition, to predict the spatiotemporal gait parameters that correlated most with the TUG scores, we used multiple linear regression analyses (stepwise method). The results show that the normalized velocity was strongly correlated with the TUG performance (r=-.72, p<.001). Additionally, single support percentage (SSP), double support percentage (DSP), step time difference (STD), and step length difference (SLD) significantly were correlated with the TUG test. Normalized velocity, STD, DSP of affected side, and SSP of non-affected side explained 53%, 8%, 3%, 2%, of variance in the TUG test respectively. In conclusion, an increase in gait velocity and a decrease in STD would be effective indicators of improvement on the functional mobility in the stroke rehabilitation.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.83-92
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• 2004

This study aims to the influenced factor analysis of spinal cord independence measure(SCIM), on walking velocity, walking endurance, time up & go(TUG), and subject characteristics. The subject of this study were 12 persons with incomplete spinal cord injury(ASIA C, D). All subject ambulatory with or without an assistive device. All participants were assessed on SCIM(score), walking velocity(m/s), walking endurance(m) and TUG(s). The data were analyzed using independent t-test and stepwise multiple regression. The results revealed that no statistical difference was noted in subject characteristics among SCIM, walking velocity, walking endurance, TUG(p>0.5). The independence score, breathing-sphincter control and ambulation were important factors in TUG(31.4%). The results suggest that SCIM may be an inappropriate assessment tool to predict gait ability of patient with incomplete spinal cord injury. Further study about gait speed, gait endurance and TUG by change of SCIM is needed using to patient of incomplete spinal cord injury.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.176-181
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• 2017

Objective: The timed up and go (TUG) test is method used to determine the functional mobility of persons with stroke. Its reliability, validity, reaction rate, fall prediction, and psychological characteristics concerning ambulation ability have been validated. However, the relationship between TUG performance and community ambulation ability is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the TUG performance time could indicate community ambulation levels (CAL) differentially in persons with chronic stroke. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Eighty-seven stroke patients had participated in this study. Based on the self-reporting survey results on the difficulties experienced when walking outdoors, the subjects were divided into the independent community ambulation (ICA) group (n=35) and the dependent community ambulation group (n=52). Based on the area under the curve (AUC), the discrimination validity of the TUG performance time was calculated for classifying CAL. The Binomial Logistic Regression Model was utilized to produce the likelihood ratio of selected TUG cut-off values for the distinguishing of community ambulation ability. Results: The selected TUG cut-off values and the area under the curve were <14.87 seconds (AUC=0.871, 95% confidence interval=0.797-0.945), representing a mid-level accuracy. Concerning the likelihood ratio of the selected TUG cut-off value, it was found that the group with TUG performance times shorter than 14.87 seconds showed a 2.889 times higher probability of ICA than those with a TUG score of 14.87 seconds or longer (p<0.05). Conclusions: The TUG can be viewed as an assessment tool that is capable of classifying CAL.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.54-60
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• 2018

Objective: Persons with chronic stroke fall more often than healthy elderly individuals. The Timed Up and Go test (TUG) is used as a fall prediction tool, but only provides a result for the total measurement time. This study aimed to determine the optimal cut-off values for each of the 6 components of the TUG. Design: Retrospective study. Methods: Thirty persons with chronic stroke participated in the study. TUG evaluation was performed using a wearable miniaturized inertial sensor. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for the measured values in each section. Optimal values for fall risk classification were determined. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk of future falls based on TUG. Results: The cut-off values of the 6 sections of the TUG were determined, as follows: sit-to-stand >2.00 seconds (p<0.05), forward gait >4.68 seconds (p<0.05), mid-turn >3.82 seconds (p<0.05), return gait >4.81 seconds (p<0.05), end-turn >2.95 seconds (p<0.05), and stand-to-sit >2.13 seconds (p<0.05). The risk of falling increased by 2.278 times when the mid-turn value was >3.82 seconds (p<0.05). Conclusions: The risk of falls increased by 2.28 times when the value of the mid-turn interval exceeded 3.82 seconds. Therefore, when interpreting TUG results, the predictive accuracy for falls will be higher when the measurement time for each section is analyzed, together with the total time for TUG.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.97-104
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• 2017

Background: South Korea is one of fastest aging countries in the world. Poor balance and falls of the elderly are main health issues. Objects: The goal of this study was to understand the association between the socioeconomical factors and the standing balance of elderly living in the rural and urban area. Methods: One hundred sixty-six elderly participants who were older than 65 and were able to walk without an assistive device were recruited in the city of Gwangju and in the rural area of Jeonnam, South Korea. All participants performed the static and dynamic standing balance tests. Static standing balance was measured with chronometer in seconds while standing on one leg. Dynamic balance was tested with the timed up and go test (TUG), measured in seconds while getting up from a chair and walking 3 meters and back to sit. The static and dynamic standing balance was analyzed using analysis of variance and the Fisher's Least Significant Difference post hoc test. Results: Male participants from both areas had no difference in one leg standing and TUG. The female elderly living in rural area took shorter in TUG than females living in urban area. Age decreased the one leg standing time in both areas while did not affect the TUG significantly. As the monthly income increased, both of one leg standing and TUG increased in urban area, while the medium monthly income showed best performance (it was not statistically significant) in both of one leg standing and TUG in rural area. Conclusion: Socioeconomical factors affects differently the standing balance of the elderly living in rural and urban South Korea. Female living alone in urban area with low monthly income demonstrated worst standing balance in this study.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.75-82
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• 2014

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pilates mat exercise (PME) and instability support surface exercise (ISSE) for TUG (Time up & go) and static balance in the elderly person aged 65 or more. Method : 30 subjects in Y-equestrian were randomly divided two group, pilates mat exercise (PME) group and instability support surface exercise (ISSE) group. Each group carried out 40 minutes exercise two times a week for 12 weeks. TUG (Time up & go) and Biorescue were measured for static balance. Result : The results were as follows, the TUG between pilates mat exercise (PME) group and instability support surface exercise (ISSE) group in post-test, were significantly different in measures (p<.05). And there were significant in two group after exercise (p<.05). The static balance between pilates mat exercise (PME) group and instability support surface exercise (ISSE) group in post-test, were significantly different in measures (p<.05). And there were significant in two group after exercise (p<.05). Conclusion : These finding revealed that pilates mat exercise was effective on TUG and static balance in the elderly person aged 65 or more so that these exercise can be new alterative exercise for obesity management in the elderly person.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.7-15
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• 2012

Background : The purpose of this study is to determine the effect Berg Balance Scale(BBS) evaluating frequency on the walking speed and dynamic balance control in patient with stroke. Method : sixteen patient with stroke were randomly allocated to an experimental and control group of eight patients each. For the experimental group, we performed both general physical therapy and BBS and general physical therapy only for the control group. The general physical therapy programs for the 2 group were conducted for 1 hour 1 a day, 5 times a week for 4 weeks, and BBS for the experimental group was conducted for 1 time a week. Result : A comparison of the Berg Balance Scale(BBS). Timed Up Go test(TUG) and 10 meter Walking Test(10mWT) score obtained before and after the 4-week treatment revealed statistical significant different(p<.05) for the experimental group. BBS evaluated weekly and the first day and the last day evaluated in both groups after 4 weeks of BBS assessment improved significantly were (p<.05) especially in the assessment group on a weekly basis more improvement was. BBS weekly assessment group and the first day and on the last day, a group evaluation after 4 weeks in both the change of the TUG, 10mWT was significantly improved in the evaluation group(p<.05). Conclusion : 1 time a week of the BBS assessment of with stroke patients BBS, TUG, 10mWT that can help to improve. especially on a weekly basis, more has been improved.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.325-333
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the concurrent validity between Figure-of-8 Walking Test (F8W), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Four Squared Step Test (FSST), and Timed UP and GO Test (TUG) in patients with stroke. Methods: Forty two participants (26 men, 16 women, $55.0{\pm}11.72$) with at least three months post stroke who were able to walk at least 10 m without walking aid participated in this study. Assessment of concurrent validity between the F8W (time and steps) and BBS was performed using Spearman rank order correlation and between the F8W (time and steps), FSST and TUG assessed using Pearson correlation. Results: The time of the F8W showed correlation with BBS (r=-0.46, p<0.01), FSST (r=0.64, p<0.01), and TUG (r=0.81, p<0.01), and steps of the F8W showed correlation with BBS (r=-0.43, p<0.01), FSST (r=0.47, p<0.01), and TUG (r=0.51, p<0.01). Conclusion: The F8W is a valid measure of balance and walking skill among patients with stroke and may provide complementary information with regard to dynamic balance and functional walking for the real life of stroke patients.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to understand the relationship between gait symmetry and functional balance, walking performance in stroke patients and to makes recommendation regarding the most suitable measure for standardization of expression of spatiotemporal gait symmetry. Methods: 45 subjects with stroke (31 men, 14 women, $57.3{\pm}10.3$ years old) participated in this study. Gait symmetry was calculated by equations of symmetry ratio (SR) and symmetry criterion (SC) for stance time, swing time, single leg support time (SLST), step length, and stride length. Spatiotemporal parameters were measured respectively by walkway system ($GAITRite^{TM}$ system). Limit of stability (LOS) by using forceplate (Balance Performance Monitor) during voluntary weight displacement and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) were measured as functional balance and Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and Functional Ambulation Category (FAC) were assessed as functional walking. Results: SR in stance time and swing time was correlation with BBS, TUG and FAC (p<0.05). SR in SLST only with BBS (p<0.01), SR in step length only with FAC (p<0.05). SC in stance time was correlation with BBS and TUG (p<0.05). SC in swing time and SLST with BBS, TUG and FAC (p<0.01), SC in step length with TUG and FAC (p<0.01), SC in stride length with BBS and FAC (p<0.01). Conclusion: Gait symmetry in spatiotemporal gait parameters provides meaningful information about functional balance and walking performance in stroke subjects. Our analysis may support the recommendations of the symmetry criterion as equation for standardization of gait symmetry.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2018

Purpose: Myofascial release (MFR) is an effective treatment for improving muscle stiffness and balance in neurological patients. This study examined long-term effects of MFR on the balance ability of stroke patients. Methods: MFR using a tennis ball was applied to the lower extremity and sacroiliac joint of the affected side of four stroke patients. The four subjects performed the Berg balance scale (BBS) and Timed up and go (TUG) test at the beginning of an 8-week intervention, directly after the intervention, and 2 years later. Results: The BBS scores indicated a trend toward maintenance of balance (p=0.05), but there was no difference in the TUG time (p=0.47). Conclusion: MFR may be a clinically meaningful intervention to maintain balance in stroke patients over a long period. However, the sample size in this study was too small to draw general conclusions. A larger study with more participants is needed.