• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 2006

This study aims to suggest clinical basis of physical therapy of neuromuscular system complication in type diabetic patients through a variety II of analysis methods including echogenicity using ultrasound image and measurement of peripheral nerve function to their neuromuscular system and provide basic materials for preparing evaluation of physical therapy and intervention program. Subjects of this study were 75 type II diabetic patients between 40 and 80 years old and it obtained the following results through echogenisity and function of peripheral nerve. Incidence of neuropathy in type II diabetes was 55.8% in men and 53.1% in women, and total incidence of neuropathy was 54.7%. Echogenicity of patients with neuropathy was significantly increased compared to that of patients with neuropahty. It was also found that there were correlations between function of peripheral nerve and echogenicity of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscle. In addition, it will be important for physical therapists to divide type II diabetic patients into neuropathy and myopathy and interpret and approach changes of neuro-muscular system from comprehensive side.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2003

GX-12 is a naked DNA vaccine developed by the DongA Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Genexine for the treatment of HIV infection. This study was peformed to evaluate the biodistribution and expression of GX-12 mRNA in gonadal tissues, and to investigate the histopathological changes after the repeated intramuscular injection. GX-12 (400 $\mu\textrm{g}$/head) was injected into the left anterior tibialis once a week for four weeks. On day 1, 5, 15, 30 and 45 after the final administration, gonadal tissues (testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles, penis, prostate glands, ovaries, vagina, uterus) and the injection site (muscle) were harvested and examined for the expression of mRNA by RT-PCR. In addition, histopathological examination was peformed at each time point. At the injection site, mRNA expression of GX-12 was detected only at early time points (1 ~ 15 days after injection) but not thereafter. However, in gonadal tissues, mRNA expression was not identified at all time points both in male and female rats. There were no histopathological changes in all reproductive organs and muscle. Based on these results, it is unlikely that the plasmid DNAs of GX-12 was distributed to- and expressed in gonadal tissues, suggesting that the chance of germline integration and transmission is negligible.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2009

Purpose: We investigated the changes that effects of load stimulation (LS) on static balance and muscle activities in normal healthy elders and chronic stroke patients. Methods: Subjects were instructed twenty normal healthy elders (8 men and 12 women) and ten chronic stroke patients (4 men and 6 women). They were tested while standing on a force platform under two conditions; LS, no LS were applied in random order. Prior to testing, adhesive surface EMG electrodes were fastened to the skin overlying the right (non-paralytic side in stroke patient) bellies of tibialis anterior (TA) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) muscles. They were assessed on postural sway and %MVC (Maximum voluntary contraction) of TA and LG. Results: Participants showed that the application of LS brought about a decrease in postural sway as expressed by average sway path and velocity. %MVC of TA and LG were increased. The application of LS to normal and stroke patients decreases postural sway during quite stance. Conclusion: These findings the application of LS to normal and stroke patients improves static balance.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.181-186
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• 2006

Myocutaneous flaps have improved the management of soft tissue defects on buttocks and lower extremity. However, there are several inherent disadvantages of muscle flaps such as functional deficits of the donor sites and the bulkiness at the recipient site. To overcome these disadvantages, we have used perforator-based fasciocutaneous rotation flaps for reconstruction of the buttock and lower extremity defects. From March 2003 to February 2005, we have treated 14 patients using perforator-based fasciocutaneous rotation flaps. 10 flaps were based on perforators of the gluteus maximus muscle, and 4 flaps were nourished by perforators from the tibialis anterior and posterior system. The mean postoperative follow-up period was about 1 year. The technique involves localization of the flap perforators preoperatively with a Doppler. The flaps were elevated superficial to the fascia with preservation of one to three perforators. The donor site is then closed primarily. All flaps completely survived and there was no perioperative complications. There was no functional disability of the donor area with esthetically pleasing results. Perforator-based fasciocutaneous rotation flaps for the reconstruction of buttock and lower extremity defects are excellent alternatives to musculocutaeous flaps. The vascularity of the flaps is robust and dissection is technically easy. Perforator flaps do not require sacrificing muscles, but provide sufficient volume and are durable Furthermore, these flaps result in less scar formation and allow more liberal dissection with safety. We conclude that perforator-based fasciocutaneous rotation flaps are very useful for reconstruction of the buttock and lower extremity.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2017

Background: Short foot exercise (SFex) is often prescribed and performed in the sport and rehabilitation fields to strengthen intrinsic foot muscles. However, SFex is difficult to perform because of lack of feedback methods. Objects: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of SFex with and without electromyography (EMG) biofeedback on the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) of healthy individuals who maintained a static standing position. Methods: All participants (14 males and 12 females) were randomly divided into two groups (biofeedback and non-biofeedback groups). The EMG activity of the abductor hallucis (AbdH) and tibialis anterior (TA) and the MLA angle on the dominant leg side were measured with the participant in the standing position in the pre- and post-intervention conditions. The intervention session consisted of 15 minutes of SFex with (biofeedback group) or without (non-biofeedback group) EMG biofeedback. The groups were compared using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: The post-intervention activities of the AbdH muscle (p<.05) and the AbdH/TA ratio (p<.05) were significantly greater in the biofeedback group than in the non-biofeedback group. The activity of the TA (p<.05) and the MLA angle (p<.05) in the biofeedback group were significantly lower in the post-intervention condition than in the pre-intervention condition. Conclusion: The present findings demonstrate that the combination of SFex and EMG biofeedback can effectively facilitate the muscle activity of the AbdH and strengthen the medial longitudinal arch.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.177-185
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• 2014

In this study, the exoskeleton orthosis for the assistance of dorsiflexion torque in ankle joint to prevent foot-drop was developed. It was consist of three part; 1) the power part using artificial pneumatic actuator, 2) wearing part of ankle and knee joints to fix the orthosis, and 3) control part to detect the gait phase using physiological signal. The dorsiflexion torque was generated by the artificial pneumatic actuator connected with wearing part between ankle and knee joint. The accurate timing to assist dorsiflexion torque is made up of physiological signal in foot sole part that detect the gait phase, that is, stance and swing phase in each foot. We conduct the experiment to investigate the effect of exoskeleton orthosis to the 7 elderly people and 10 healthy people. The result showed that the muscular activities in tibialis anterior muscle were reduced because of the assistance of dorsiflexion torque in ankle joint using the exoskeleton orthosis.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the most effective way to facilitate the abductor hallucis muscle during PNF leg pattern-emphasized hallux abduction. Methods: The study recruited 18 healthy adults. All participants agreed voluntarily to take part in the study following an explanations of its purpose and procedures. They randomly performed the PNF leg pattern-emphasized hallux abduction variations in a hook-lying or sitting position. Activation of the abductor hallucis (AbH), adductor hallucis (AdH), extensor hallucis longus (EHL), and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles, and the ratio of AbH/AdH, were measured during PNF exercises using electromyography. One-way repeated ANOVA was used to compare the activation of foot intrinsic and extrinsic muscles during the four PNF exercises. Results: PNF leg pattern-emphasized hallux abduction using normal timing was significantly higher in TA compared to PNF leg pattern-emphasized hallux abduction using timing for emphasis, regardless of the starting position. The PNF leg pattern-emphasized hallux abduction using timing for emphasis in the hook-lying position was significantly higher in AbH than in other exercises. Although there was no statistically significant difference in the ratio of AbH/AdH, it was higher in the hook-lying position. Conclusion: PNF leg pattern-emphasized hallux abduction using timing for emphasis in the hook-lying position can be recommended as a method to optimize the activation of AbH and the ratio of AbH/AdH.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.207-214
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• 2019

Purpose: Although multi-directional reaching exercises are commonly used clinically, the effects of specific movement directions on the muscle systems of the lower extremities have not been explored. We therefore investigated lower extremity muscle activity during reaching exercises with different sagittal and horizontal plane movements. Methods: The surface electromyography responses of the bilateral rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, and gastrocnemius muscles were measured during reaching exercises in three directions in the horizontal plane (neutral, $45^{\circ}$ horizontal shoulder adduction, and $45^{\circ}$ abduction) and three directions in the sagittal plane (neutral, $120^{\circ}$ flexion, and $60^{\circ}$ flexion). A total of 20 healthy, physically active participants completed six sets of reaching exercises. Two-way repeated ANOVA was performed: body side (ipsilateral and contralateral) was set as the intra-subject factor and direction of reach as the inter-subject factor. Results: Reaching at $45^{\circ}$ horizontal shoulder adduction significantly increased the activity of the contralateral rectus femoris and gastrocnemius muscles, while $45^{\circ}$ horizontal shoulder abduction activated the ipsilateral rectus femoris and gastrocnemius muscles. The rectus femoris activity was significantly higher with reaching at a $120^{\circ}$ shoulder flexion compared to the other conditions. The gastrocnemius activity decreased significantly as the shoulder elevation angle increased from $60^{\circ}$ to $120^{\circ}$. Conclusion: Our results suggest that multi-directional reaching stimulates the lower extremity muscles depending on the movement direction. The muscles acting on two different joints responded to the changes in reaching direction, whereas the muscles acting on one joint were not activated with changes in reaching direction.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.184-193
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• 2012

Many studies have reported that housework done using household appliances may affect biomechanical characteristics of the musculoskeletal system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of housework done using a pulsator washing machine on joints and muscles. We calculated joint torques and muscle strengths on the basis of an experimental/virtual three-dimensional motion analysis for six healthy females using the pulsator washing machine at different heights (H) and depths (D) of the inside drum (H (mm){\times}D (mm), Trial1: $962.5{\times}609.4$, Trial2: $962.5{\times}624.4$, Trial3: $982.5{\times}644.4$, Trial4: $995.5{\times}642.4$, Trial5: $1015.5{\times}677.4$). The joint torques and muscle strengths tended to be considerably different during torso flexion in the sagittal plane for all the trials. The maximum joint torques for the thoracic vertebra, left ankle, and right shoulder measured in Trial4 were significantly higher than those measured in the other trials (p < 0.05); in addition, those for the thoracic vertebra and both ankles measured in Trial5 were significantly higher than those measured in the other trials (p < 0.05). The maximum muscle strengths for the left trapezius muscle and both tibialis anterior muscles measured in Trial5 were significantly higher than those measured in the other trials (p < 0.05). These results indicate that housework done using a pulsator washing machine may affect joint torques and muscle strengths, and these effects are dependent on the height and/or depth of the inside drum of the pulsator washing machine.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.4459-4466
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare the lower extremity muscle activities according to the different longitudinal arch and treadmill inclination and to provide basic data on treadmill walking exercise. The selected 17 subjects who had not lower extremity injury and ROM limitation were recruited in this study. The longitudinal arch was divided into normal foot and flat foot. The inclinations of the treadmill were $0^{\circ}$, up hill $5^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ}$, $15^{\circ}$, down hill $5^{\circ}$, $10^{\circ}$ and $15^{\circ}$. The electromyography was used to analyze the muscle activity of rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius lateralis and medialis. There were significant differences between the inclination $0^{\circ}$ and down hill $15^{\circ}$. There was no interactive effect of treadmill inclination on the longitudinal arch. The activity difference of lower extremity muscle was not conspicious. There existed the interactive effect between the longitudinal arch and muscle activity. The contrast test within subjects showed positively in the rectus femoris and gastrocnemius medialis, biceps femoris and gastrocnemius medialis. The different longitudinal arch did not influence on the effect(p>.05). There was significant difference between the normal foot and the flat foot. So it is necessary to carry out the long term study.