• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 1982

The present paper describes a colorimetric method of determining the free and total unsaturated fatty acids in animal tissues. The procedure is based in three steps on the following principles : First step is that the tissue homogenates are extracted in chilled acetone in order to eliminate the interfering substance, such as phospholipids, sulfatides and proteins. At next step, after centrifugation acetone layer is decanted and evaporated to dryness. Then the extract is shaken with heptane to solve in the solvent. That the characteristic nature of copper salts of unsaturated fatty acids are freely soluble in heptane and those of saturated acids are not is the bases of separating one from another. Thus unsaturated fatty acids can be isolated in heptane as their salts from saturated acids and other lipid mixture by shaking with copper reagent. Finally the yellowish brown color developed by adding color reagent (0.2% sodium diethyldithiocarbamate in n-butanol solution) which reacts with the copper salts of the acids and produces the color is measured colorimetrically.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.68 no.3
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• pp.151-159
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• 2024

Indian spices are well known for their numerous health benefits, flavour, taste, and colour. Recent Advancements in chemical technology have led to better extraction and identification of bioactive molecules (phytochemicals) from spices. The therapeutic effects of spices against diabetes, cardiac problems, and various cancers has been well established. The present in silico study aims to investigate the binding affinity of 29 phytochemicals from 11 Indian spices with two prominent proteins, BCL3 and CXCL10 involved in invasiveness and bone metastasis of breast cancer. The three-dimensional structures of 29 phytochemicals were extracted from PubChem database. Protein Data Bank was used to retrieve the 3D structures of BCL3 and CXCL10 proteins. The drug-likeness and other properties of compounds were analysed by ADME and Lipinski rule of five (RO5). All computational simulations were carried out using Autodock 4.0 on Windows platform. The proteins were set to be rigid and compounds were kept free to rotate. In-silico study demonstrated a strong complex formation (positive binding constants and negative binding energy ΔG) between all phytochemicals and target proteins. However, piperine and sesamolin demonstrated high binding constants with BCL3 (50.681 × 10³ mol^-1, 137.76 × 10³ mol^-1) and CXCL10 (98.71 × 10³ mol^-1, 861.7 × 10³ mol^-1), respectively. The potential of these two phytochemicals as a drug candidate was highlighted by their binding energy of -6.5 kcal mol^-1, -7.1 kcal mol^-1 with BCL3 and -6.9 kcal mol^-1, -8.2 kcal mol^-1 with CXCL10, respectively coupled with their favourable drug likeliness and pharmacokinetics properties. These findings underscore the potential of piperine and sesamolin as drug candidates for inhibiting invasiveness and regulating breast cancer metastasis. However, further validation through in vitro and in vivo studies is necessary to confirm the in silico results and evaluate their clinical potential.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1269-1275
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• 2012

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of soluble protein supplements on concentration of soluble non-ammonia nitrogen (SNAN) in the liquid phase of ruminal (RD) and omasal digesta (OD) of Korean native steers, and to investigate diurnal pattern in SNAN concentration in RD and OD. Three ruminally cannulated Korean native steers in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design consumed a basal diet of rice straw and corn-based concentrate (control), and that supplemented (kg/d DM basis) with intact casein (0.24; IC) or acid hydrolyzed casein (0.46; AHC). Ruminal digesta was sampled using a vacuum pump, whereas OD was collected using an omasal sampling system at 2.0 h intervals after a morning feeding. The SNAN fractions (free amino acid (AA), peptide and soluble protein) in RD and OD were assessed using the ninhydrin assay. Concentrations of free AA and total SNAN in RD were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those in OD. Although free AA concentration was relatively high, mean peptide was quantitatively the most important fraction of total SNAN in both RD and OD, indicating that degradation of peptide to AA rather than hydrolysis of soluble protein to peptide or deamination may be the most limiting step in rumen proteolysis of Korean native steers. Diurnal variation in peptide concentration in OD for the soluble protein supplemented diets during the feeding cycle peaked 2 h post-feeding and decreased thereafter whereas that for the control was relatively constant during the entire feeding cycle. Diurnal variation in peptide concentration was rather similar between RD and OD.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1413-1431
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• 2002

For the development of immunodetection method of 4,4'-dichlorodipheny-2,2,2-trichloroethane (p,p'-DDT), a persistent and broad toxic organochlorine insecticide, various DDT derivatives were synthesized and characterized for the use of immunogens and the coating ligands for the antibody evaluation. The appropriate lengths of linkers were introduced to investigate more efficient DDT derivatives. Among these hapten derivatives, 2,2-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)acetic acid (DDA), 5,5-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-5-hydroxypentanoic acid (DDHP) and 5,5-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-5-chloropentanoic acid (DDCP) were conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) for the use of immunogen to produce antibodies. 6,6-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (DDHH) and 3-[6,6-Bis(4-chlorophenyl)-6-hydroxyhexanoylamino]propanoic acid (DDHHAP) in addition to above hapten derivatives were conjugated to ovualbumin (OVA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) for the use of coating ligands to measure the titration level of antibody and the displacement of free analytes. Three matching pairs of antibodies and coating ligands were selected for the simultaneous detection of p,p'-DDT and its related compounds of DDA and 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) by investingating the displacement of free analytes in an indirect ELISA. These were PAb #1 and coating ligand DDCP-OVA, PAb #1 and DDHHAP-OVA, and PAb #3 and DDHHAP-OVA. The most useful immunoreaction for DDT analytes were obtained using PAb #3 and coating ligand DDHHAP-OVA showing 3.4 ng/mL of lower limit of detection. These results indicated that titration level and free analytes displacement were greatly influenced by hapten derivatized and carrier proteins conjugated.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.429-435
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• 2009

Oxidative stress is a consequence of an imbalance of the defense system against cellular damage generated by reactive oxygen species (ROSs) such as superoxide anions (menadione; MD). Most organisms have evolved a variety of defense systems to protect cells from adverse conditions. In order to evaluate stress tolerance against oxidative stress generating MD, comparative analyses of antioxidant capacity, or free radical scavenger ability, were performed between S. cerevisiae KNU5377 (KNU5377) and three wild-type S. cerevisiae strains. In a medium containing 0.4 mM MD, the KNU5377 strain showed higher cell viability and antioxidant ability, and contained higher levels of trehalose, superoxide dismutase, thioredoxin system, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and some heat shock proteins. The KNU5377 strain also produced a lower level of oxidative stress biomarker than the other three yeast strains. These results indicate that S. cerevisiae KNU5377 has a higher level of tolerance to oxidative stress due to the increased expression of cell rescue proteins and molecules, thus alleviating cellular damage more efficiently than other S. cerevisiae strains.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.262-268
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• 2014

In order to reveal the aluminum (Al) stress tolerance mechanisms in alfalfa plant at low pH soil, a proteomic approach has been conducted. Alfalfa plants were exposed to Al stress for 5 days. The plant growth and total chlorophyll content are greatly affected by Al stress. The malondialdehyde (MDA) and $H_2O_2$ contents were increased in a low amount but free proline and soluble sugar contents, and the DPPH-radical scavenging activity were highly increased. These results indicate that antioxidant activity (DPPH activity) and osmoprotectants (proline and sugar) may involve in ROS ($H_2O_2$) homeostasis under Al stress. In proteomic analysis, over 500 protein spots were detected by 2-dimentional gel electrophoresis analysis. Total 17 Al stress-induced proteins were identified, of which 8 protein spots were up-regulated and 9 were down-regulated. The differential expression patterns of protein spots were selected and analyzed by the peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) using MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Three protein spots corresponding to Rubisco were significantly down-regulated whereas peroxiredoxin and glutamine synthetase were up-regulated in response to Al stress. The different regulation patterns of identified proteins were involved in energy metabolism and antioxidant / ROS detoxification during Al stress in alfalfa. Taken together, these results provide new insight to understand the molecular mechanisms of alfalfa plant in terms of Al stress tolerance.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.82-89
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• 2018

Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common metabolic disorder that defined by chronic hyperglycemia for the deficiency in insulin secretion or resistance. Hyperglycemia could induce non-enzymatic glycation of proteins. It has been suggested that some traditional plants can improve blood glucose and inhibit glycation process. This work evaluates and compares the anti-glycation activities of four Iranian plant extracts in vitro. Methods: The methanolic extract of "Fumaria officinalis, Stachys lavandulifolia, Salvia hydrangea and Rosa Damascene" was prepared in three different concentrations. Phenolic, flavonoids content and antioxidant activity were evaluated. The multistage glycation markers- fructosamines (early stage), protein carbonyls (intermediate stage) and ${\beta}$ aggregation of albumin were investigated in the bovine serum albumin (BSA)/ glucose systemt. Results: All plants showed the high potency of scavenging free radicals and glycation inhibition in the following order: Fumaria officinalis> Rosa Damascene> Stachys lavandulifolia > Salvia hydrangea. There was a significant correlation between antioxidant and anti-glycation activity. Also, the antioxidant and anti-glycation capacity of extracts correlated with total phenolic and flavonoids content. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that the studied plants are good sources of anti-glycation and antioxidant compounds and, these properties can primarily attributable to phenolics, particularly flavonoids.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.53-58
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• 1975

Three varieties of soybean, Chungtaik, Hillkong, and Endaedu which have been recommended to cultivate widely in Cheju Island, were chosen to study their amino acid metabolism in order to determine their nutritional values. 1) The total nitrogen contents of these soybeans were decreased in the order of Chungtaik, Hillkong, and Endaedu, indicating that the last variety is undesirable for a recommened formae even under a favorable condition of cultivation. The Hillkong variety may well be recommended for cultivation for a source of lipid rather than protein. 2) From analysis fo free amino acids, it was found that Hillkong contained normal amounto f vaious amino acids but Endae여 contained them in very abnormal fashion suggesting that an improved scheme of fertilization is necessary. Data from Chungtaik indicated it was excessively supplied with N fertilizer. 3) The amino acid contents of proteins extracted from these soybeans showed that Chungtaik contained less number of amino acids in its protein than the other two. The distribution of these amino acids appeared normal in Hillkong but quite irregular in Endaedu. In conclusion, both Chungtaik and Hillkong could be recommended for cultivation, the former as a protein source, the latter a lipid source of foods. Endaedu, however, may be liable to further research before it will be recommend for cultivation.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.239-243
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• 1995

Deinococcus radiophilus, an UV resistant bacterium seemed to contain three issoenzymes of catalase. Among them, the samllest and most abundant species in cell-free extract, catalase-3 which also exhibited peroxidase activity was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity (145-fold purification) by chromatographic procedures. Its molecular weight was 155 kDa composed of four 38 kDa subunits. The $K_{m}$ value of catalase-3 for H$\_$2/O$\_$2/ was approximately 0.5 mM. This enzyme showed a typical ferric heme spectrum with maximum absorption at 405 nm. Upon binding to cyanide, the 405 nm peak shifted to 420 nm. Catalase-3 was very sensitive to inhibitors of heme proteins, such as cyanide, azide and hydroxylamine. A ratio of A$\_$405/A$\_$28O/ was 0.5 Catalase-3 was active over a wide range of pH, between pH 7 and 10. The enzyme was rather heat-labile and partially sensitive to edthanol-chloroform treatment, but resistant to 3-amino-1, 2, 4-triazole. Catalase-3 of D. radiophilus, which is a bifunction catalatic peroxidatic enzyme seemed to share certain molecular properties with the typical catalase and the catalase-[roxidase along with its own unique features.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.306-313
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• 2024

Given the diversity of vegetables utilized in food fermentation and various lactic acid bacteria (LAB) populations in these materials, comprehensive studies on LAB from vegetable foods, including kimchi, are imperative. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the obesity-related inflammation response of three metabolites-phenyllactic acid (PLA), indole-3-lactic acid (ILA), and leucic acid (LA)-produced by LAB (Companilactobacillus allii WiKim39 and Lactococcus lactis WiKim0124) isolated from kimchi. Their effects on tumor necrosis factor-α-induced changes in adipokines and inflammatory response in adipose-derived human mesenchymal stem cells were examined. The study results showed that PLA, ILA, and LA, particularly PLA, effectively reduced lipid accumulation and triglyceride, glycerol, free fatty acid, and adiponectin levels. Furthermore, the identified metabolites were found to modulate the expression of signaling proteins involved in adipogenesis and inflammation. Specifically, these metabolites were associated with enriched expression in the chemokine signaling pathway and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, which are critical pathways involved in regulating immune responses and inflammation. PLA, ILA, and LA also suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and several inflammatory markers, with the PLA-treated group exhibiting the lowest levels. These results suggest that PLA, ILA, and LA are potential therapeutic agents for treating obesity and inflammation by regulating adipokine secretion and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.