• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.1168-1177
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial community of three tannery wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) involved in nitrification by Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The results showed that highly diverse communities were present in tannery wastewater. A total of six phyla, including Proteobacteria (37-41%), Bacteroidetes (6.04-16.80), Planctomycetes (3.65-16.55), Chloroflexi (2.51-11.48), Actinobacteria (1.91-9.21), and Acidobacteria (3.04-6.20), were identified as the main phyla, and Proteobacteria dominated in all the samples. Within Proteobacteria, Beta-proteobacteria was the most abundant class, with the sequence percentages ranging from 9.66% to 17.44%. Analysis of the community at the genus level suggested that Thauera, Gp4, Ignavibacterium, Phycisphaera, and Arenimonas were the core genera shared by at least two tannery WWTPs. A detailed analysis of the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) indicated that Nitrosospira, Nitrosomonas, and Nitrospira were the main AOB and NOB in tannery wastewater, respectively, which exhibited relatively high abundance in all samples. In addition, real-time quantitative PCR was conducted to validate the results by quantifying the abundance of the AOB and total bacteria, and similar results were obtained. Overall, the results presented in this study may provide new insights into our understanding of key microorganisms and the entire community of tannery wastewater and contribute to improving the nitrogen removal efficiency.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.879-885
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• 2009

The present study was carried out to develop biological criteria for water quality assessment using benthic diatoms. Selecting of the indicator diatoms, three parameters were considered: broad distribution (180 taxa occurred over 3% at upper level), species abundance (158 taxa occurred over $1.5{\times}10^5cells/cm^2$), and sensitivity (184 taxa occurred more than once as 1st and 2nd dominant species). Overall, total 208 taxa were selected, including 38 varieties, 170 species, 34 genera, 9 families, 3 orders, and 1 phylum. The most dominant taxonomic group (family) was Naviculaceae (52%), followed by Diatomaceae (15%), Nitzschiaceae (12%) and Achnantaceae (11%). COD and TP were proposed as new water quality standards (draft) to improve the existing BOD standard and to manage and control efficiently non-biodegradable organic pollutants. With this regard, we used TP standard (draft) in developing biological water quality criteria for diatoms. TP standards (draft) proposed as Ia = 0.02 mg/L or less, Ib = 0.05 mg/L or less, II = 0.1 mg/L or less, III = 0.2 mg/L or less, IV = 0.4 mg/L or less, V = 0.6 mg/L or less and VI = above 0.6 mg/L. Biological assessment system (4 class system) was developed and proposed for diatom using modified Tropic Diatom Index (TDI). Biological assessment of TDI appear B grade (Good).

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.247-257
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to conduct a freshwater snail survey in Mae Lao agricultural basin to assess the diversity with a focus on habitat types and their larval trematode infections. Snails were collected and examined in 14 sites of Mae Lao agricultural basin from August 2016 to October 2017. A total of 1,688 snail individuals were collected and classified into 7 families, 8 genera, and 12 species. Snail diversity and habitat types were higher in rice paddies than irrigation canals and streams. The most abundant species was Bithynia siamensis siamensis, representing 54.6% of the sample. Three species of snails act as first intermediate host were found with cercarial infections. They were Filopaludina sumatrensis polygramma, B. s. siamensis, and Melanoides tuberculata. The cercariae were categorized into 7 types; echinostome, monostome, gymnocephalous, virgulate, parapleurolophocercous, pleurolophocercous and megalurous cercariae. Parapleurolophocercous cercariae constituted the most common type of cercariae recovered, contributing 41.2% of all infections in snails. Echinostome metacercariae infections were found in 6 snail species with 7.6% prevalence. In addition, the metacercaria of avian trematode, Thapariella sp. were found in Filopaludina spp. snails and B. funiculata with a prevalence of 0.5%. This is the first report for Thapariella metacercariae in the snail host, B. funiculata, and also confirmed that viviparid and bithyniid snails act as the second intermediate hosts of this trematode. This work will provide new information on the distribution and intermediate host of trematode in this area.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 1994

Nepal, with its unique geographical and ecological features due to its abrupt rise in altitude, plays significant role in biological evolution. Existence of numerous wild relatives of the present-day cultivated agricultural crop plants in this small Himalayan nation may serve as a potential source of several yet unidentified desirable genes that are needed for future incorporation in the improvement of cultivated crop plants. This report includes 82 different wild relatives of 41 genera under 19 families of 37 agricultural crops of Nepal(Table 1). It serves as the sample of the glossary of these wild relatives of crop plants in Nepal. Under food grain crop plants of gramineae, leguminoceae and polygonaceae families, 16 different wild species namely wild rices(7 species), wild relatives of wheat plant(3 species), wild arhar(3 species), wild fingermillets(1 species) and wild buckwheat(2 species) have been identified in different parts of the country. Similarly, under vegetable crop plants of Araceae, Amaranthaceae, Crucifereae, Cucurbitaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Labiteae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Polygonaceae, Solanaceae and Umbellifereae, 37 different wild species-wild colocasia(1 species), wild amaranths(3 species), wild leafy vegetables(2 species), wild gourds(3 species), wild cucumber(1 species), wild yams(4 species), wild mints(3 species), wild fenugreeks(4 species), wild pea(1 species), wild beans(3 species), wild garlics(2 species), wild spinach(3 species), wild lady's finger(1 species), wild spinach(3 species), wild eggplants(2 species) and wild carrot(one species) have also been identified. In case of wild relatives of cultivated orchard plants, 11 different wild species namely wild mango(one species), wild banana(one species), wild strawberry(one species), wild pear(one species), wild cherries(2 species), wild apple(one species) and wild grapes(3 species) have been identified, Among 19 different wild species of economic crop plants, five wild species of sugarcane, one species of wild sunhemp, two wild relatives of cotton, three wild relatives of rose, two wild species of tobacco, four wild species of turmeric and two wild species of tea have also been identified. This report includes only sample of the total wild species of the present-day cultivated agricultural crop plants. Further exploration on this economic botany will help the country in cataloging the wild relatives of cultivated crop plants and their future use in crop improvement.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.529-537
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• 2016

Six unrecorded click beetles of Elateridae are reported in Korea for the first time as follows: 1) Lacon altaicus ($Cand{\acute{e}}ze$, 1882) in Agrypnidae; 2) Diacanthous undulatus DeGeer, 1774, 3) Liotrichus ligneus ($Cand{\grave{e}}ze$, 1879), 4) Aplotarsus imperceptus Gurjeva, 1987, 5) Prosternon aurichalceum Stepanov, 1930, and 6) Anostirus (Anostirus) castaneus castaneus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Denticollinae. Among them, three genera, Diacanthous, Liotrichus, and Aplotarsus, are also recorded for the first time. The previously recorded sepcies, Prosternon tessellatum Linnaeus, 1758 is suggested to be excluded from the Korean fauna by a misidentification of P. aurichalceum.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.229-246
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• 1994

Powdery mildew fungi from 246 different species of host plants were collected at Kangwon province during 1989-1993 years. They were identified and classified into 13 genera and 83 species by examining various morphological characteristics of taxonomic value. Most of host plants were infected with one species of powdery mildew fungus, but eight plant species with two or three different mildews. Among 246 host plants collected, 43 species were added as the new host plants of powdery mildew fungi in Korea. Two Oidium spp. from Hibiscus and several Compositae plants were described to suggest their taxonomic problems.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.347-354
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• 2002

Near the Gapcheon, a new suburban city will be developed by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation, and a intracity highway will be constructed by Daejeon Metropolitan City. By these new plans, rapid disruption of environmental conditions near the Gapcheon will be anticipated. The new construction of the city and highway will raise a problem of environmental pollution and disruption of natural status of this area, and will have an adverse influence to environment of the Dunsan area and an industrial complex which are located at the downstream of the Gapcheon. This re-search was conducted on the Gapcheon area, Daejeon (Gasuwongyo to Wonchongyo) from August, 2001 to June, 2002 years. Microorganisms of Gapcheon are three forms, 17 varieties, 105 species, 58 geneva, 31 families, and totalled 125 taxa. And zooidal micro-organisms, one varieties, 16 species, 12 genera, eight families, and totalled 17 taxa. Hydrogen ion concentration of the stream is ranged from 7.10 to 9.98 with great variation, especially high below bridges of Gasuwongyo and Mannyeongyo. The clean water quality of the stream is still maintained very well due to dense distribution of diverse aqua-tic and swamp plants. Furthermore, species diversity of microorganisms in the stream does help to purify the quality of water, and to keep the health of the Gapcheon as natural. More environmentally controlled and continuous efforts to keep the Gapcheon in a natural status and to purify the quality of water should be made by Daejeon Metropolitan City Officials who ave now spending about 6G,5()0 million won for overall conservation plans of the stream (from 1999 to 2003 years).

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.219-235
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• 2016

Forest tree diversity inventory and its periodical monitoring are important to understand changes in tree population structure and to provide information useful for biodiversity conservation and reserve management. In a long-term forest dynamics program in Indian tropical dry evergreen forest, this communication deals with tree diversity changes at decadal interval. The initial inventory of tree diversity was carried out in 2003, in four tropical dry evergreen forest sites - (much disturbed sites Shanmuganathapuram - SP and Araiyapatti - AP and moderately disturbed sites - Karisakkadu - KR and Maramadakki - MM) on the Coromandel Coast of peninsular India, by establishing four 1ha permanent plots, one in each site. In 2013, the four plots were re-inventoried for tree diversity (${\geq}10cm\;gbh$) changes which yielded 56 species from 46 genera and 26 families. The studied forest sites are threatened by disturbance due to multiple reasons; cutting of trees inside of the forest, grazing by goats, construction of temple approach road, and some aspects cultural attachment of local people like constructing new, additional strctures of temple by denuding a portion of forest etc.. Tree species richness over a decade increased by four species in site SP, two species in site AP, and one species in site KR, but decreased by one species in site MM. Tree density decreased drastically by 480 (28.92%) and 102 (12.63%) stems $ha^{-1}$ respectively in sites SP and AP, but moderately increased by 82 (12.09%) stems $ha^{-1}$ in site KR and 26 (3.46%) stems $ha^{-1}$ in site MM. Tree basal area declined in site KR from $21.6m^2$ to $20.26m^2ha^{-1}$ and in site SP from 21.1 to $20.38m^2ha^{-1}$, but increased from $19.1m^2$ to $19.43m^2$ and from 15.5 to $18.63m^2ha^{-1}$ in sites AP and MM respectively. Three tree species (Allophylus serratus, Maytenus emarginata and Ehretia pubescens) were lost out of the 57 species recorded in 2003, and two species (Jatropha gossypiifolia and Streblus asper) were new additions in ten years. The long-term forest monitoring data will be valuable to understand forest dynamics and for conservation and management of this and similar tropical forests.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.183-189
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• 2002

Occurrence of scarabs at sweet persimmon (Diospyros kaki var. Fuyu) orchards was investigated by mercury light traps every one week interval in several areas in Gyeongnam province including, Jinju, Sacheon, Sancheong, and Gimhae, from April to September in 2000 and 2001. In addition, damage of persimmon by scarabs was observed every ten days interval at three orchards in Jinju and at one in Gimhae from late May to late October. Although sixteen species of 12 genera were attracted to the traps, species and number of catches were different according to orchards and years. Holotrichia morosa was most dominant in Jinju, Sacheon, and Sancheong. Total number of scarabs attracted to the traps was highest at the orchard surrounded by chestnut orchards in Sancheong. Fruits of sweet persimmon were not damaged by scarabs at the studied orchards. However, leaves and calyxes were slightly damaged by Adoretus tenuimaculatus. Maximum average numbers of the damaged leaves and calyxes throughout the year by A. tenuimaculatus were 0.33 leaves from 10 new shoots and 0.07 calyxes from 15 fruits. Gametis jucunda and Popillia mutans damaged flowers and calyxes. Maximum average numbers of damaged flowers and calyxes by these 2 species were the same as 0.03 from 15 flowers and 15 calyxes, respectively. These levels of damage suggest that the scarabs are not economically injurious to sweet persimmon fruits in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.24 no.1 s.61
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• pp.38-45
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• 2006

Ecological characteristics of microbial populations inhabiting heavy metal polluted soil were investigated. The samples were collected from 293 sites around an factory and industry at Gyeoungsangbuk-do. We measured the contents of seven heavy metal elements (Cd, Cu, As, Hg, Pb, $Cr^{6+}$, CN), seven sites have been seriously contaminated by mercury and chrome. A quantitative evaluation of microbial populations in mercury and chrome contaminated soil was examined by using plate count method. Bacterial numbers in polluted soil samples ranged from $7.4X10^5\;to\;9.3X10^7\;cfu\;g^{-1}$, about $10\sim100$ fold less than the count for the unpolluted soil. Moulds were not detected in chrome polluted soil. The log values of actinomycetes of each contaminated soil samples were log ranged from 6.18 to 7.52. The ratio of actinomycetes was similar to unpolluted soil. The investigation showed actinomycetes to be the major microbial population inhabiting the mercury and chrome polluted soil. Thirty-one isolates among the total isolates were examined for antibacterial activity. These isolates were identified based on a phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequences, they were categorized in three major phylogenetic groups, belong to the Streptomyces (6 strains), Saccharopolyspora (3 strains), Nocardiodes (1 strain). On the phylogenetic tree, the clade consisting of five isolates were distantly related to all of the established Streptomycetes genera, indicating the possibility as members of new species.