• Food preservation and processing industry
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.33-44
• /
• 2008

마늘의 저장 중 생리활성과 향미에 중요한 영향을 미치는 성분의 변화를 발표된 논문을 중심으로 정리하여 살펴보았다. 또한 마늘의 냄새를 최소화하고 생리활성을 극대화할 수 있는 기능성식품의 소재개발 타당성을 살펴보기 위하여 열처리(blanching)로 마늘 중의 효소를 모두 불활성화 시킨 후, 이에 마늘로부터 추출한 alliinase를 가하여 반응조건에 따른 alk(en)yl thiosulfinates 생성 및 이들의 분해산물인 휘발성 황함유화합물의 함량변화를 측정하였다. 수확한 마늘의 최종 저장물질로 알려진 -glutamyl-S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteines는 마늘중에 존재하는 -glutamyl-transpeptidase 및 oxidase의 작용에 의하여 감소한 반면 S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxide는 감소한 만큼 증가하였으며, 이는 $-3^{\circ}C$ 및 실온($23^{\circ}C$)에서 보다도 냉장온도($4^{\circ}C$)에서 가장 많이 변화하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 감소 및 증가현상은 -glutamyl-S-(2-popenyl)-L-cysteine이 -glutamyl-S-(trans-1-propenyl)-L- cysteine이나 -glutamyl-S-methyl-L-cysteine보다 더 컸다. -glutamyl-S-(2-propen yl)-L-cysteine은 $4^{\circ}C$에서 저장 60일 만에 66%가 감소한 반면 이로부터 생성된 S-(2- popenyl)-L-cysteine sulfoxide는 그 만큼 증가하였다. -glutamyl-S-(trans-1-propenyl)-L-cysteine 및 -glutamyl-S-methyl-L-cysteine도 $4^{\circ}C$에서 150일간 저장한 경우 각각 81% 및 39%가 감소하고, 이들로부터 각각 생성된 S-(trans-1- propenyl)-L-cysteine sulfoxides 및 S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide는 증가하였다. 한편 열처리 마늘에 alliinase를 가하여 함황화합물을 재생성 시킨 결과 8종의 S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxides를 확인할 수 있었다. S-(2-propenyl)-L-cysteine sulfoxide은 전체 thiosulfinates함량의 약 60%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 100, 200, 300 및 400 unit의 alliinase를 첨가하여 15분간 반응시킨 결과 총 thiosulfinates는 생마늘(대조구)에 비하여 각각 37, 68, 77 및 80%가 생성되는 것으로 나타났다. GC/MSD를 이용하여 대조구 및 효소를 첨가하여 반응시킨 시료의 휘발성 향기성분을 분석한 결과 alliinase를 100, 200, 300 및 400 unit 첨가하여 15분간 반응시키면 각각 마늘의 휘발성 향기성분이 25, 36, 66및 76% 씩 재 생성되는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 마늘을 이용한 제품개발이나 연구를 할 경우 마늘의 저장조건에 따른 생리활성물질의 분석결과를 근거로 하여 이루어져야 하며, 또한 효소를 이용하여 적절히 반응시키면 마늘 냄새를 $30{\sim}80%$ 범위 내에서 조절이 가능한 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.18 no.8
• /
• pp.1123-1131
• /
• 2008

This study was performed to confirm of biological function of black garlic, it heated for 11 days at $40{\sim}90^{\circ}C$ (first step: heate for 2 days at $90^{\circ}C$, second step: heated for 4 days at $80^{\circ}C$, third step: heated for 4 days at $60^{\circ}C$ and fourth step: heated for 1 day at $40^{\circ}C$). Samples were analyzed physico-chemical characteristics and antioxidant activity. Hunter L, a and b values were decreased during processing, and then inner part Hunter values were highly decreased at the second step. The moisture contents were decreased to 58.48${\pm}$0.41 g/100 g at fourth step. pH was also acidified to pH 4.22${\pm}$0.02, but O.D. value at 420 nm was increased during processing of black garlic. At fourth step, total phenolics and flavonoids contents were increased about 1.9 and 2.6 folds than first step sample. Also, total pyruvate and thiosulfinate contents were increased about 1.6 and 5.8 folds as change of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, respectively. Fructose contents were the highest level among free sugars and its contents increased to 2,454.45${\pm}$4.20 mg/100 g. Contents of sucrose and maltose were decreased during processing of black garlic. The contents of total minerals were the highest at fourth step (1,009.20${\pm}$6.91 mg/100 g) during its processing. Contents of glutamic acid, proline and aspartic acid were detected higher than other composition amino acids. Taurine and ethanolamine were not detected in the first step sample, but they were detected 0.88${\pm}0.60{\sim}1.06{\pm}$0.04 and 0.28${\pm}0.4{\sim}0.5{\pm}$0.09 mg/100 g in next processing step, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging ability of water and ethanol extracts from black garlic was increased during its processing. Abilities of DPPH radical scavenging were the highest in fourth step sample, its abilities were 67.40${\pm}$0.21% in 1,000 ${\mu}g/ml$ of water extracts. Reducing power was also significantly higher in water extract than ethanol extract on the whole.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.45 no.10
• /
• pp.1438-1446
• /
• 2016

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of superheated steam (SHS) treatment on the physicochemical and microbial properties of garlic. The garlic was treated by SHS at temperatures of 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, and $350^{\circ}C$ for 60 s. The moisture content of raw garlic was lower than that of SHS-treated garlic. The total thiosulfinate and pyruvate contents were dramatically reduced by SHS treatments. The antioxidant activities of garlic measured by ferric reducing/antioxidant power, 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical scavenging assay, and total phenolics content decreased by SHS. The major volatile sulfur compounds of garlic such as diallyl disulfide, allicin, allyl sulfide, diallyl sulfide, and diallyl trisulfide were significantly reduced by SHS. The antimicrobial effects of raw garlic were stronger than those of SHS-treated garlic against three strains of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus. However, total aerobic bacteria in garlic were dramatically reduced by SHS from 8.6 to 2.9 log CFU/g. The results from the sensory evaluation show that SHS treatment of garlic above $200^{\circ}C$ provides better acceptably due to reduction of off-flavor and pungency of garlic. These results suggest that superheated steam treatment can used as an efficient process for reducing garlic off-flavor and pungency.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
• /
• v.46 no.4
• /
• pp.129-139
• /
• 2012

This study was carried out to evaluate the chemical properties and functional characteristics, such as general composition and bioactivity compounds contents of fresh and blanched (at $95^{\circ}C$, for 5min) garlic shoot from Namhae. Also, evaluated antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of water and ethanol extract of fresh and blanched garlic shoot. The moisture content of fresh garlic steam was $ 85.14{\pm}0.35%$, crude protein and crude lipid were $0.79{\pm}0.26%$ and $2.96{\pm}0.03%$ respectively. Vitamin C content was higher in fresh garlic shoot ($7.07{\pm}0.84mg/100g$) than blanched. Total phenol and total chlorophyll contents were respectively $16.93{\pm}1.17mM/g$ and $6.70{\pm}0.46mg/g$ in fresh garlic shoot. Allicin content of blanched garlic shoot was $128.63{\pm}1.59mM/g$. This content was 1.82 times higher than the fresh garlic shoot. Total pyruvate content was higher in fresh garlic shoot ($24.63{\pm}1.59mM/g$), but thiosulfinate was higher in fresh garlic shoot. Total flavonoide was the highest in water extract of blanched garlic shoot ($3.67{\pm}0.00mM/g$). ABTS radical scavenging activity of water extract form blanched garlic shoot was $85.09{\pm}0.28%$, which was higher than the other extracts. NO radical scavenging activity of ethanol extract from blanched garlic shoot was significantly higher than the extracts from fresh garlic shoot. Antibacterial activity to S. aureus, S. enterica, B. cereus and E. coli was only indicated in water extract of fresh garlic shoot.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.30 no.5
• /
• pp.833-846
• /
• 2023

Onions are essential vegetables for Koreans' diet and have various physiological activities. However, problems arise every year due to the imbalance between production and demand. Therefore, in this study, nutritional and functional components, and antioxidant activity were analyzed for each growth period in order to utilize onions at the disposal period. Whole onions harvested before June showed higher values of general ingredients, inorganic ingredients, organic acids, spiraeoside, quercetin, total chlorophyll, and antioxidant activity than bulbs harvested in June. On the other hand, the free sugar content was higher in the bulb of the harvest season in June than in whole onions. The total thiosulfinate content was similar to that of whole onions and bulbs in the early stages of growth. In addition, as a result of comparing the flavonoid compound and antioxidant activity of each onion variety, whole onions harvested at 25 weeks were higher in content than onion bulbs harvested in June. In conclusion, onions before the harvest season in June had excellent utilization value as food. Harvesting before 21 weeks is desirable for growing onions with excellent nutritional value, while harvesting after 23 weeks is recommended for excellent functional components and antioxidant activity in onions.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.389-393
• /
• 2008

This study examined the effects of cooking temperature and onion (Allium cepa L.) tissue concentrate on heterocyclic amine (HCA) formation in fried ground beef patties. Various amounts of onion tissue (2.0, 5.0, and 10.0%, w/w) were added to the ground beef patties, which were then fried at two different temperatures (190 and $225^{\circ}C$) for 10 min/side. The ground beef patties fried at $190^{\circ}C$ and containing 10.0% (w/w) onion showed a 51% decrease in mutagenicity, and formation of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]-pyridine (PhIP) was reduced by 58% and 63%, respectively. For the patties fried at $225^{\circ}C$, total mutagenicity decreased by 35% and 48% with the additions of 5.0 and 10.0% (w/w) onion, respectively, and PhIP formation was reduced 50, 60, and 71% with the additions of 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0% (w/w) onion, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.45 no.12
• /
• pp.1784-1791
• /
• 2016

Garlic was subjected to eight different cooking methods (raw, boiling, steaming, microwave cooking, deep-frying, oven-roasting, pan-frying, and pan-roasting) utilized for typical Korean cuisine. Garlic was analyzed for antioxidant activities and physicochemical properties to elucidate effects of cooking. Garlic cooked at higher temperatures showed significantly lower lightness and higher yellowness (P<0.001). In particular, deep-frying and pan-frying resulted in lowest lightness and soluble solid content, indicating that non-enzymatic browning reactions were more facilitated. Compared with raw garlic, all cooked garlic tended to have lower thiosulfinates, presumably due to decomposition into polysulfides and/or leaching into cooking water and oil. Microwave cooking retained organic acids, total reducing capacity, and flavonoids, which can be attributed to low microwave intensity and shorter cooking time under which heat-labile bioactive components might have undergone less decomposition. Cooking significantly increased metal-chelating activity (P<0.001). In addition, oven-roasting and pan-roasting enhanced total reducing capacity and flavonoid content, indicating that thermal treatments increased the extractability of bioactive components from garlic. However, boiling, deep-frying, and pan-frying, in which garlic is in contact directly with a hot cooking medium, reduced antioxidant activities. Deep-frying resulted in largest reduction in DPPH radical scavenging activity of garlic, which correlated well with reduction of total reducing capacity and flavonoid content. The results show that the antioxidant activity of garlic could be affected by cooking method, particularly heat intensity and/or direct contact of the cooking medium.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.145-152
• /
• 2006

Efforts have been made to explore the possibility of using garlic as an antimicrobial therapeutic agent since garlic extract and its individual sulfur compounds show antimicrobial activities against all kinds of microorganisms including bacteria, molds, yeasts and protozoa. Staphylococcus aureus has been the most studied bacteria along with many other Gram positive and negative pathogenic bacteria, including species of the genera Clostridium, Mycobacterium, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Bacillus, Salmonella and Shigella. Candida albicans has been the most studied among the eukaryotic microorganisms. A pathogenic protozoa, Giardia intestinalis, was also tested. All the microorganisms tested was inhibited by garlic extract or its sulfur components. Garlic has been known to be growth inhibitory only when fresh garlic is crushed, since allicin-generating reaction is enzyme-catalyzed. Allicin is known to be growth inhibitory through a non-specific reaction with sulfhydryl groups of enzyme proteins that are crucial to the metabolism of microorganisms. Another plausible hypothesis is that allicin inhibits specific enzymes in certain biological processes, e.g. acetyl CoA synthetase in fatty acid synthesis in microorganisms. Allicin transforms into other compounds like ajoene and various sulfides which are also inhibitory to microorganisms, but not as potent as their mother compound. It is reported recently that garlic heated at cooking temperatures is growth inhibitory especially against yeasts, and that the growth inhibitory compound is allyl alcohol thermally generated from alliin in garlic.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.310-318
• /
• 2016

This study was performed to investigate changes in the quality characteristics and chemical compounds in garlic shoots by blanching for different time (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 min). The color (L, a, and b values), texture profile (hardness, springiness, chewiness, gumminess, and cohesiveness), total vitamin C, total sugar, total polyphenol and flavonoid, chlorophyll a and b contents, total pyruvate and thiosulfinate contents of the blanched garlic shoots were examined. As the blanching time increased, the L and b values decreased, while the a value increased. Hardness, chewiness, springiness and gumminess of the blanched shoots were significantly lowered with the increasing blanching time. Vitamin C content of raw garlic shoot was 1.62 mg/100 g while that of the blanched garlic shoots was 0.16~0.24 mg/100 g, implying vitamin C loss into blanching water and destruction by heat. The total sugar and polyphenol contents were fluctuated during blanching, but over 75% of their initial levels were retained under all blanching conditions. The total flavonoid contents increased as the blanching time increased. The chlorophyll a content did not show significant change with blanching time, but the chlorophyll b content significantly decreased. These results suggest that blanching for 2 min could be the best for retaining beneficial compounds and desirable quality of garlic shoot.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.301-306
• /
• 2001

An invistigation was carried out to study the effects of heat treatment of garlic and storage temperature of garlic extracts on functional properties of garlic extracts. The garlic was heated at 40, 60, 80, 100, $120^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes and extracted with 50% ethanol. The extracts were stored at 4, 25 and $50^{\circ}C$ for 30 days, and then electron donating ability(EDA), nitrite-scavenging effects(NSE) and total thiosulfinates contents were determined. Among the functional properties, total thiosulfinates were rapidly reduced as the heating and storage temperature increased. The total thiosulfinates in the extracts were not detected for those heat-treated at 100 and $120^{\circ}C$. The EDAs were also decreased to almost half of their initial level by heat treatment of garlic at higher temperature than $80^{\circ}C$ while NSE was decreased a little. As the storage temperature increased, EDA and thiosulfinate contents decreased. Particularly the thiosulfinates were ditected none after 11 days of storage at $25^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$. Therefore, mild heat treatment of garlic at lower temperature than $60^{\circ}C$ and storage at refrigerated condition are recommendable for preparation and storage of garlic extracts.