• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.1523-1528
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• 2000

Four Suffolk ewes were used in Latin Square switch over design to study the effects of varying levels and sources of protein on heat production and thermoregulatory responses at daytime high ($33^{\circ}C$ temperature. They were fed Italian ryegrass hay supplemented with fishmeal and/or urea, providing three different levels of crude protein (CP) (low/unsupplemented: 7.9, medium: 11.6, and high: 15.8%) at $1.5{\times}maintenance$. Feeds were distributed at 0900 (30%) and 1700 (70%). Urea diet caused higher heat production and increased vaginal temperature compared to fishmeal and fishmeal-urea mix diets. Time spent standing, skin temperature and respiration rate of sheep fed urea were similar with those of sheep fed fishmeal. Sheep fed diet with low CP level had higher heat production, increased vaginal and skin temperature than sheep fed diet with medium CP content. Sheep on high CP diet produced significantly more heat than sheep fed medium CP diets. Their vaginal temperatures were similar with those of sheep fed medium CP diet but lower than those of sheep fed low CP diet. Respiration rates of sheep and time spent by them for standing on all diets did not differ significantly. These results suggest that urea is inferior protein supplement for thermoregulation of animal at hot environment, as it induced higher heat production than fishmeal and fishmeal-urea mix. Thermoregulatory response on fishmeal-urea mix diet was similar to fishmeal diet. Increasing CP of the diet from low to medium gives advantage for thermoregulation of animal. Increasing CP further to high level was not beneficial as it resulted in the responses of sheep similar to those on low protein diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.652-656
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• 1997

This study was conducted to determine the relationships between abdominal temperature (Tabd) and some thermoregulatory responses, such as heat production (HP), heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), temperature of external ear tract (Tee), comb surface temperature (Tcs) and shank skin temperature (Tss), for revealing the role of deep body temperature in the thermoregulation of broiler chickens. Tabd was divided into 5 zones of 40-41, 41-42, 42-43, 43-44 and $44-45^{\circ}C$, and maintained for 3 hours in each zone by varying environmental temperature from 11 to $33^{\circ}C$. HP and HR had a greater increase with Tabd above $42.5^{\circ}C$. RR increased markedly with Tabd above $41.5^{\circ}C$, and reached a maximum when Tabd was at $42.5^{\circ}C$, then began to decrease. In addition, HP and HR increased significantly with decrease RR during the decreasing phase of panting. Tcs and Tss changed rapidly with Tabd when Tabd was below $41.5^{\circ}C$, and increased more slowly above $41.5^{\circ}C$. Tee was lower than Tabd, and its increase was less than that of Tabd. These results suggest that changes in thermoregulatory responses are induced by an increase in abdominal temperature. Tabd increases to adjust the ratio of sensible and evaporative heat loss when Tabd is below $42.5^{\circ}C$, while the ability in body temperature regulation gradually disappears when abdominal temperature exceeds $42.5^{\circ}C$ and heat balance can not be maintained.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.415-427
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the thermoregulatory responses to postures under different environmental conditions and to obtain the basal information for standard clothing weight, indoor climates, and working condition. Two adult female (22.5yrs, 46kg) were participated in this study. The experimental conditions were divided into three groups ; 1) comfort($27{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $60{\pm}10%$), 2) hot($34{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $60{\pm}10%$), and 3) cold($21{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $50{\pm}10%$) condition. The postures performed were as follows; standing, sitting on the chair, sitting on the floor, and supine on the floor. At each condition, subjective sensations, 12 points skin temperature, rectal temperature, total and local sweat rate, pulse rates, blood pressure, skin blood flow rate were measured. The results were as follows : 1. Rectal temperature was high significant among groups in order of supine, sitting on the floor, sitting on the chair, standing posture(p<0.01). 2. Skin temperature was high in part of contact with the surface of the floor or wall and the effect of posture was greater in peripheral temperature than torso temperature. Sitting on the chair and sitting on the floor posture showed higher peripheral temperature than standing and supine posture. And peripheral temperature was lower in supine posture than any other postures. 3. Total and local sweat rate were decreased in order of standing, sitting on the chair, sitting on the floor, supine posture. 4. Pulse rate and disastolic blood pressure were higher in standing posture than supine posture, and there was significant difference between two postures(p<0.001). 5. Blood flow rate of thigh was high in sitting on the chair and sitting on the floor posture and low in standing posture. Blood flow rate of leg was low in standing posture significantly(p<0.01). 6. In comfort and hot condition, temperature sensation and comfort sensation were higher in standing posture and lower in supine posture than any other postures. In cold condition, temperature sensation was lower and comfort sensation was higher in standing and supine posture than any other postures. And supine posture was appeared positive in hot condition and negative in cold condition. From this study, we confirmed the effects of posture on human thermoregulatory responses. Results indicate that even under same conditions and clothing weight, the insulation of clothing will be different to postures.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.2 no.5
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• pp.398-404
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• 2000

We examined the effect of individual sweating responses on thermoregulatory responses induced by heat of sorption, immediately after the onset of sweating. The present study consists of two experiments. In experiment 1, made of 100% cotton (C) and 100% polyester (P) clothing were exposed in the chamber at ambient temperature (Ta) of $27.2^{\circ}C$ and relative humidity (rh) raised from 50% to 95% at five different increase rates of environmental vapor pressure (VP). The increase rate of clothing surface temperature (Tcs), peak Tcs and peak time showed significant correlation with the increase rate of environmental VP in C-clothing (p<0.05). In experiment 2, seven female subjects were studied during leg water immersion ($35-41^{\circ}C$) for 70min in Ta of 27.2 and 50%rh. There were significant positive correlations in the increase rate of clothing microclimate VP vs. changes in Tcs, skin blood flow, mean skin temperature and mean body temperature (p<0.05). The present results showed that individual clothing microclimate VP had significant effects on thermoregulatory responses induced by heat of sorption wearing C ensembles.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 1999

This study conducted 4 different kinds of underwear materials, which were A (Cotton 100%), B (Wool 100%), C (Cotton/Wool, 50/50%) and D (Acrylic/Cotton, 50/50%) and were done in a climate chamber under cold ambient $10{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $40{\pm}5%RH$ by 6 male subjects who were in good health. Physiological parameters such as rectal and local skin temperature(forehead, forearm, hand, trunk, thigh, leg, foot, back and chest), heart rate, body weight loss, clothing microclimate, blood lactic acid concentration, and wearing sensation were measured. Started with a 15-min rest period, 15-min of exercise 1 (the condition of 4.5 mile/hr walking speed equivalent to with 8.5 Kcal energy consumption on the treadmill) period, 15-min rest period, exercise 2 (after 3minutes warming-up at 3.0. 3.7, 4.5. 5.2. 6.0, 6.7 mile/hr) until exhaustion period, and final 15-min of recovery period were performed. The results were as follows: The lowest mean skin temperature was acrylic/cotton in order of wool > cotton/wool > cotton > acrylic/cotton (F=13. 79. p<0.00l). Most of all skin temperature by parts of body had turned out in sequence of temperature wool > cotton/wool > acrylic/cotton > cotton. Fore arm part showed highest temperature about $32.43^{\circ}C$ on wool and had a tendency approximately $1.8^{\circ}C$ higher than cotton which had the lowest temperature, and had the biggest difference among garments in terms of skin temperature. The back temperature within clothing showed about $2^{\circ}C$ higher than the chest temperature within clothing. but the back humidity within clothing showed about 4~12% higher than the chest humidity within clothing. Body weight loss by each garment was this sequence; cotton > acrylic/cotton > wool > cotton/wool.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.499-509
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of wearing disposable diaper with the endothermic agent on thermoregulatory response of infant. Five healthy female infants aged about 5 months were taken as a subject of this experiment. Experimental diapers were six kinds of disposable diaper constructed of nonwoven tissue, fluff pulp, super absorbent polymer, back sheet film, leg elastic, and 0g urea(A) 1g urea(B) , 2g urea(C), 3g urea (D), 4g urea(E) 5g, urea(F) respectively. Urea(98% or over purity) was used as an endothermic agent. Experiment was proceeded while infants were sleeping at 27.5$\pm$0.5$^{\circ}C$, 50$\pm$5% R.H, 0.04m/sec. Each disposable diaper's properties was tested. During the experiment rectal temperature skin temperature of 9 areas temperature inside the disposable diapers were measured, the results were as follows : 1) There was not significant difference among the diapers in absorption capacity retention capacity and rewet(p=0.05). The absorption under load was showed to A, B,

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2019

Anhidrosis refers to the condition in which the body does not respond appropriately to thermal stimuli by sweating. Sweating plays an important role in maintaining the body temperature, and its absence should not be overlooked since an elevated body temperature can cause various symptoms, even leading to death when uncontrolled. The various neurological disorders that can induce anhidrosis make a detailed neurological evaluation essential. The medication history of the patient should also be checked because anhidrosis can be caused by various drugs. The tests available for evaluating sweating include the quantitative sudomotor axon reflex sweat test, thermoregulatory sweat test, sympathetic skin response, and electrochemical skin conductance. Pathological findings can also be checked directly in a skin biopsy. This review discusses the differential diagnosis and evaluation of anhidrosis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.141-158
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• 2020

Skin is a major thermoregulatory organ in the body controlling homeothermy, a critical function for climate adaptation. We compared genes expressed between tropical- and temperate-adapted cattle to better understand genes involved in climate adaptation and hence thermoregulation. We profiled the skin of representative tropical and temperate cattle using RNA-seq. A total of 214,754,759 reads were generated and assembled into 72,993,478 reads and were mapped to unique regions in the bovine genome. Gene coverage of unique regions of the reference genome showed that of 24,616 genes, only 13,130 genes (53.34%) displayed more than one count per million reads for at least two libraries and were considered suitable for downstream analyses. Our results revealed that of 255 genes expressed differentially, 98 genes were upregulated in tropically-adapted White Fulani (WF; Bos indicus) and 157 genes were down regulated in WF compared to Angus, AG (Bos taurus). Fifteen pathways were identified from the differential gene sets through gene ontology and pathway analyses. These include the significantly enriched melanin metabolic process, proteinaceous extracellular matrix, inflammatory response, defense response, calcium ion binding and response to wounding. Quantitative PCR was used to validate six representative genes which are associated with skin thermoregulation and epithelia dysfunction (mean correlation 0.92; p < 0.001). Our results contribute to identifying genes and understanding molecular mechanisms of skin thermoregulation that may influence strategic genomic selection in cattle to withstand climate adaptation, microbial invasion and mechanical damage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.314-324
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the thermoregulatory response level on the heat and cold tolerance with investigating monthly changes of skin temperature in Koreans and to obtain the basal information for standard amount of clothing weight, indoor climate and working condition. Forty eight subjects in 5 age groups (6~11, 12~19, 20~44, 45~64, 65~76 years old) with both sexs were taken from Seoul and Kyunggi probince. All subjects were measured skin temperature, mean skin temperature, Total clothing weight in neutral condition in each month from June 1994 to May 1995. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Skin temperature of all subjects was low on February, March and April, and was high on June, July and August. Temperatures of the torso (forehead and abdomen) and the lower limbs (leg and foot) were remarkably different. In general, most of skin temperatures except of hand, thigh and foot were higher in males. 2. Mean skin temperature was 0.5'c higher in males than female with ranging 32.5~34.5$^{\circ}C$ in males and 32.1~34.1$^{\circ}C$ in females. Also, mean skin temperature of 6~11 age group were higher than that of 45~ 64 age group in both sexs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.504-515
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• 1995

This study was performed to investigate that wear training using thermal insulation with clothes has the effect on the human thermoregulatory response, especially on the heat tolerance. Twelve men and women in twenties wert divided into the control group, the training groups and each group except the control group had participated in wear training. The heat tolerance was assessed in all subjects who had participated in the experiment carried out in hot environment(40$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, 50$\pm$5%RH) by such parameters as rectal temperature, skin temperature, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blond pressure, plume rate, total sweat volume, local sweat volume, subjective sensation, and the differences of heat tolerance in each group were compared. The results were as follows: In hot environment(4$0^{\circ}C$) the changing width of rectal temperature was decreased in the control and the heavy clothing group. Forehead and abdomen temperature in hot environment were significantly decreased after the training. Sweat rate was higher after the training than before. In all experimental groups, systolic and diastolic blood pries.;uses in hot environment(4$0^{\circ}C$) were significantly decreased after the training.