• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.273-282
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• 1994

The physiological significances of the upper and lower body on thermoregulation and sensation were studied in this paper. Experiments were carried out on 4 females in a climatic chamber conditioned at 1) $25^{\circ}C\rightarrow35^{\circ}C\rightarrow25^{\circ}C$, 2) $25^{\circ}C\rightarrow15^{\circ}C\rightarrow25^{\circ}C$, both with 50% R.H., covering the upper body (U) or lower body (L) with garments. 1. When the upper or lower body is covered or exposured respectively, the mean skin tempterature of upper body is higher than that of lower body. And upper body is more easily influenced by the environmental temperature than lower body. It means the skin temperatures of the upper body change faster than those of the lower body following the environmental changes. 2. In U and L, the skin temperatures of the upper limbs (thighs, upper arms) are lower than those of the peripherals (hands, feet). 3. Warm sensations and skin temperatures of the upper body showed high correlation and it was the case with cold sensations and skin temperatures of the lower body. 4. In high temperature condition $(25^{\circ}C\rightarrow35^{\circ}C\rightarrow25^{\circ}C)$, mean skill temperature and rectal temperature in L were lower than in U. This lower rectal temperature in L is probably due to the insulation of the lower body with garments that promotes the heat radiation only in the high temperature environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1186-1196
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• 2012

This study investigated the garments of middle-aged women undergoing menopause and their satisfaction with them. Data were collected through a survey of 288 middle-aged women and analyzed using SPSS 17.0. As a result (in terms of degree of symptoms) backache, arthralgia, muscular pain and heat sensation were indicated as significantly more outstanding in the menopause group rather than the menopausal transition group. As a countermeasure to physiological symptoms, a change of temperature (warming or cooling) was applied for backache and arthralgia as well as taking medicine for stomachaches and muscular pain. Body parts suffering from heat sensations were the face, back neck, chest center, waist and hip. Body parts suffering from arthralgia and muscular pain were the shoulder and hip joints. The most significant purchasing factor for menopausal women was the fit of outerwear and antibiosis in underwear; however, women not undergoing menopause selected comfortableness when moving as the most important factor. In terms of body shaping and thermoregulation function, the satisfaction degree in underwear was significantly different between the two groups. Menopausal women wanted functional underwear that provided functions such as thermoregulation, absorption of secretions, and antibiosis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.848-855
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• 2020

Objective: Shearing is one of the practices that is applied periodically to fiber producing animals, which can also alter resistance of animals to high temperatures in especially summer months. This study aimed to investigate effects of shearing on some physiological and hormonal parameters in Akkaraman sheep during summer season. Methods: This study was carried out on 39 non-pregnant Akkaraman ewes (aged 1.5 years at the beginning of experiment). The 39 ewes were chosen randomly from the flock belonging to the Erciyes University and they were assigned to two groups as follows: i) group A (n = 20) designed as the control group, they were shorn and group B (n = 19) designed as the experimental group, they were unshorn. Prior to the shearing (-1 day) and on days 1, 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 following the shearing, blood samples were taken from the vena jugularis of each sheep. Cortisol, β-endorphin, growth hormone (GH), thyroxine (T₄), triiodothyronine (T₃), and heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70) concentrations were determined using the enzyme immunoassay method. Body weight (BW), rectal temperature (RT), pulse rate (PR), and respiratory rate (RR) of each sheep were recorded at the same time. The data obtained were analyzed using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: Statistical analysis showed a significant effect of shearing×period interaction (p<0.01) and a significant effect of period (p<0.01) on BW, HSP-70, cortisol, T₄ and RT, PR, GH, β-endorphin, T₃, respectively. Also these analysis showed no significant effect of shearing×period interaction or period on RR. Conclusion: The results showed that the thermoregulation abilities of sheep were affected by shearing treatment and the shorn ewes were less affected by heat stress. In conclusion, based on the data of this study, shearing can be considered as a necessary management practice that requires protection for sheep from the effect of heat stress.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.1523-1528
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• 2000

Four Suffolk ewes were used in Latin Square switch over design to study the effects of varying levels and sources of protein on heat production and thermoregulatory responses at daytime high ($33^{\circ}C$ temperature. They were fed Italian ryegrass hay supplemented with fishmeal and/or urea, providing three different levels of crude protein (CP) (low/unsupplemented: 7.9, medium: 11.6, and high: 15.8%) at $1.5{\times}maintenance$. Feeds were distributed at 0900 (30%) and 1700 (70%). Urea diet caused higher heat production and increased vaginal temperature compared to fishmeal and fishmeal-urea mix diets. Time spent standing, skin temperature and respiration rate of sheep fed urea were similar with those of sheep fed fishmeal. Sheep fed diet with low CP level had higher heat production, increased vaginal and skin temperature than sheep fed diet with medium CP content. Sheep on high CP diet produced significantly more heat than sheep fed medium CP diets. Their vaginal temperatures were similar with those of sheep fed medium CP diet but lower than those of sheep fed low CP diet. Respiration rates of sheep and time spent by them for standing on all diets did not differ significantly. These results suggest that urea is inferior protein supplement for thermoregulation of animal at hot environment, as it induced higher heat production than fishmeal and fishmeal-urea mix. Thermoregulatory response on fishmeal-urea mix diet was similar to fishmeal diet. Increasing CP of the diet from low to medium gives advantage for thermoregulation of animal. Increasing CP further to high level was not beneficial as it resulted in the responses of sheep similar to those on low protein diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.832-841
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• 2007

Rectal Temperature;Thermoregulation;Sows;Breed;The effects of season (hot vs. warm) in a tropical humid climate, parity (primiparous vs. multiparous) and breed (Creole: CR, Large White: LW) on rectal temperature (RT) were studied for a total of 222 lactations obtained in 85 sows (43 CR and 42 LW; 56 primiparous and 166 multiparous) over a 28-d lactation, between June 2002 and April 2005. Mean daily ambient temperature was higher during the hot season than during the warm season (26.0 vs. $24.1^{\circ}C$) and relative humidity was high and similar in both seasons (89% on average). At farrowing, BW was lower (172 vs. 233 kg) and backfat thickness was higher (37 vs. 21 mm) in CR than in LW sows (p<0.01). During the hot season, the reduction of average daily feed intake (ADFI) was more pronounced in LW than in CR sows (-920 vs. -480 g/d, p<0.05). Rectal temperature was higher at 1200 than at 0700hr, which coincides with the maximum and the minimum values of daily ambient temperature. The daily RT increased ($+0.9^{\circ}C$; p<0.01) between d -3 and d 7 (d 0: farrowing day), remained constant between d 7 and d 25 and decreased (p<0.01) thereafter (i.e. $-0.6^{\circ}C$ between d 25 and d 32). The average daily RT was significantly higher during the hot than during the warm season (38.9 vs. $38.6^{\circ}C$; p<0.01). It was not affected by breed, but the difference in RT between the hot and warm seasons was more pronounced in LW than in CR sows (+0.4 vs. $+0.2^{\circ}C$; p<0.05). Parity influenced the RT response; it was greater in primiparous than in multiparous sows (38.9 vs. $38.7^{\circ}C$; p<0.01). This study suggests that thermoregulatory responses to heat stress can differ between breeds and between parities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.339-347
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• 1994

In this study the physiological significance of the upper and lower body on thermoregulation and sensation are examined. Experiments were carried out on 4 females in a climatic chamber conditioned at $25\pm1^{circ}C, 50\pm5%$ R.H.. Before the measurements, subjects were exposed to 3 types of enviromental temperature: 1) $25\pm1^{\circ}C$ for 60 min.(ST), 2) $25^{\circ}C$\rightarrow35^{circ}C\rightarrow25^{\circ}C$ for about 40 min.(HT), 3) $25^{\circ}C$\rightarrow15^{circ}C\rightarrow25^{\circ}C$ for about 40 min.(LT) covering the upper body (U) or lower body (L) with garments. 1) $T_{re}$ was significantly higher in L than in U only in 57 condition. $T_{sk}$ and Temp. under the clothing were higher in U than in L in all three conditions. Thermal sensation was warmer in U than in L, and comport sensation was most comfortable in HT condition. 2) When the upper or lower body was covered or exposed, the mean skin temperature of the upper body was higher than that of the lower body. Following covering and uncovering the same area, the changes in skin temperature were greater in the upper body than in lower body, and covering the upper body produced a greater difference of skin temperature between body and lower body than covering the lower body. 3) In all environmental conditions, when the upper body was uncovered, the skin temperatures of the chest, upper arms and forearms dropped to a considerable degree, and when the lower body was uncovered, skin temperatures of the legs showed the same pattern. On the other hand, skin temperature of the thinghs showed only little change in all cases except forehead and back uncovered or covered in two clothing types.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.292-302
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate thermal properties of lab gowns developed from the point of safety and work efficiency. We evaluated thermal and subjective responses of subjects wearing functional new lab gowns (Type B, C, D) and a popular lab gown on the market (Type A). Type B was a new lab gown made of woven fabric with functional cuffs. Type C was a new apron made of woven fabric with arm protectors. Type D was a new lab gown made of non-woven material with functional cuffs and openings around the armpits. Temperature in the climatic chamber was set at 19$^{\circ}$C as an indoor temperature in winter and at 24$^{\circ}$C in summer. There were no significant differences in rectal temperature and heart rate among four types of gowns and between two air temperatures for 120 min. Mean skin temperature was much higher in the type A and B than in He type C and D (p .05). In the 19$^{\circ}$C air, clothing microclimate temperature on the back was the highest in the type B and was the lowest in the type C (p .05). Clothing microclimate humidity was not significant differences among gowns. In subjective .esponses, subjects perceived that Type B was the warmest gown in the 19$^{\circ}$C and the hottest and more humid in the 24$^{\circ}$C than other gowns. Inversely, type C was the coolest gown among four gowns. Both in the 19$^{\circ}$C and in the 24$^{\circ}$C, the Type D had gained most responses of being comfortable. In conclusion, the temperature difference of 5$^{\circ}$C was more of an influencing factor than the difference from four types of lab gowns. Secondly, we recommend the manufacturers to make lab gowns with functional cuffs for safety purposes. Thirdly, the spread of the type of apron with arm protector will contribute to increase of the frequency of wearing in summer. Fourthly, it is necessary to study continuously about lab gowns with non-woven materials for researchers exposed to toxic chemical and biological materials.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2019

Survivability of soldiers has been greatly threatened by the development of thermal observation device(TOD). Therefore, infrared, especially thermal, stealth technology is applied to combat suit to avoid detection from TOD. In this study, prior to the thermal camouflage performance evaluation of combat suit, thermal signature characteristic from clothed the human body was analyzed considering the realistic condition for human surface temperature compared to that from unclothed human body. To get the realistic surface temperature distribution of human, thermoregulation and multi-layer skin structure model is applied to the human model. Based on temperature distribution, surface diffuse radiance in thermal range is calculated and by assuming the background conditions, contrast radiance intensity(CRI) characteristic of human body is analyzed. By wearing clothing, the CRI between background and human body became reduced in low emissive background but in high emissive background, the contrast is much more prominent. Therefore, this issue should be considered in design process of thermal camouflage combat suit.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.27 no.1_2
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• pp.301-313
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• 2009

This paper presents a Finite Element Method (FEM) application to thermal study of natural three layers of human dermal parts of varying properties. This paper carries out investigation of temperature distributions in these layers namely epidermis, dermis and under lying tissue layer. It is assumed that the outer skin is exposed to atmosphere and the loss of heat due to convection, radiation and evaporation of water have also been taken into account. The computations are carried out for one dimensional unsteady state case and the shape functions in dermal parts have been considered to be quadratic. A Finite Element scheme that uses the Crank-Nicolson method is used to solve the problem and the results computed have been exhibited graphically.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.211-214
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• 1997

In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms of antinociceptive effect and thermoregulatory action of capsaicin in guinea pigs. The administration of capsaicin (5 mg/kg, s.c.) caused a significant decrease in frequency of eye wiping, an indicative of nociceptive threshold. This antinociceptive effect of calsaicin was abolished by co-administration of capsazepine (30 mg/kg, s.c.) with capsaicin, suggesting the involvement of a vanilloid receptor in the antinociceptive action of capsaicin. The administration of capsaicin (1 mg/kg, s.c.) produced a significant decrease in body temperature of guinea pigs. The maximum decrease in body temperature by 2 degrees was shown 1 hour after the treatment, and this decrease was not reversed by coadministration of capsazepine. In conclusion, it is suggested that the mechanism of action of capsaicin-induced thermoregulation involves different pathways from that of capsaicin-induced antinociception.