• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.549-556
• /
• 2014

This study evaluates the thermal insulation and evaporative resistance of a waterproof and breathable garment system and determines the factors influencing its thermal performance. The experimental garments were composed of underwear (shirts with 100% wool and 100% polyester) and outerwear (jackets and pants with a vapor-permeable membrane and a vapor-impermeable membrane). Data on clothing insulation in a dry condition ($10^{\circ}C$) and a wet condition ($10^{\circ}C$, 40% R.H.), evaporative resistance ($34^{\circ}C$, 40% R.H., and $10^{\circ}C$, 40% R.H.), and microclimate vapor pressure were collected and analyzed. According to the results, the thermal insulation of the experimental garment system ranged 1.27~1.40 in the dry condition and 0.40~0.89 in the wet condition at $10^{\circ}C$. Evaporative resistance ranged $41{\sim}525m^2Pa/W$. A decrease in thermal insulation by wetting underwear ranged 31~67% in the cold condition ($10^{\circ}C$). The breathability of the outer garment influenced the decrease in thermal insulation by wetting. The type of underwear fiber influenced the decrease in thermal insulation only when it was used with breathable outerwear. The vapor-permeable outerwear sample with polyester underwear (P_Perm) showed a larger decrease in insulation than that with wool (W_Perm). The evaporative resistance of the vapor-permeable ensemble showed no effect of underwear in the warm condition ($34^{\circ}C$), but polyester underwear showed lower evaporative resistance than wool in the cold condition ($10^{\circ}C$). The vapor-impermeable ensemble showed no difference in evaporative resistance between polyester underwear and wool underwear in both conditions. Future research should consider various clothing ensemble combinations and environmental conditions and evaluate wear comfort by using human subjects.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.157-165
• /
• 2008

Transient thermal response of five types of underwear(cotton jersey, wool jersey, nylon jersey, cotton mesh and polyester mesh) for a protective coverall is evaluated using a sweating thermal manikin. Experimental protocol for transient thermal response of the sweating thermal manikin was also proposed. As results, it was found that steady state thermal response from sweating thermal manikin was not sensitive enough to evaluate thermal comfort of the experimental garments. However, when half time is used as an index of the heat flux change in transient thermal response, difference was found among underwear materials. Half time of cotton was the shortest and heat transfer of cotton was the fastest followed by polyester mesh, cotton jersey, nylon jersey and wool jersey. Dynamic thermal response of wool underwear was quite different from that of cotton underwear. Wool shows quite less heat flow at the initial stage, however, moisture permeability of wool was higher than cotton at the later stage. It was difficult to distinguish surface temperature difference visually using thermogram taken right before the completion of dry and wet test in steady state thermal response.

• 한국의류산업학회지
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.657-665
• /
• 2015

This study evaluated the thermoregulatory properties of functional thermal underwear ('heating underwear') in markets using a thermal manikin and human wear trials. One ordinary thermal underwear (ORD) and two functional thermal underwear (HEAT1 and HEAT2; manufactured goods, HEAT1: moisture absorbing heat release mechanism, HEAT2: heat storage, release mechanism) were chosen. Thermo-physiological and subjective responses were evaluated at an air temperature of $5.0{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ and air humidity of $30{\pm}5%RH$ with five male subjects ($21.6{\pm}1.3yr$ in age, $178.0{\pm}5.9cm$ in height, $68.2{\pm}5.9kg$ in body mass). Experimental conditions consisted of four ensembles that included winter clothes (Control: no underwear, ORD, HEAT1, HEAT2). Water-vapor resistance was greater in fabric of HEAT1 than others. The results were: 1) Total thermal insulation (IT) using a thermal manikin were not greater for HEAT1 (0.860clo) and HEAT 2 (0.873clo) than for ORD (0.886clo). 2) There were no significant differences in rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate and total body mass loss between the four conditions. Microclimate clothing temperature on the back was greater for ORD than for HEAT1 and HEAT2. Subjects felt more comfortable with HEAT1 than for others at rest. HEAT2 was higher in microclimate humidity when compared to other conditions. The results suggest that thermoregulatory properties of 'heating underwear' in market did not differ from those of ordinary thermal underwear in terms of total thermal insulation and thermoregulatory responses in a cold environment.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제36권9호
• /
• pp.991-999
• /
• 2012

The Korean wintertime Onmapsi Campaign recommends wearing underwear, layered clothing, or thermal accessories in an indoor environment of a lower than room-heating condition. We surveyed 132 government officers, about Onmapsi wearing conditions and campaign satisfaction. The term was found to be unfamiliar to them, even if they wore underwear or thermal accessories as participants in the campaign for the wintertime office of low temperature 18-$20^{\circ}C$. They wore thick shirt/pants or cardigans/sweaters; however, underwear or thermal vests was worn relatively less. They wear 2.9 layers on top and 1.7 layers in bottom in average. They have their own methods to keep the body warm, which are using 1) functional thermal clothing, such as turtleneck shirts of heat technology new material, 2) functional thermal accessories, such as warmer and muffler, 3) functional office goods, such as a thermal computer mouse and blanket on the desk. The campaign requires more advertisement, a revision on the details of the proper wintertime indoor environment, and develops the varieties of Onmapsi apparel.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제23권7호
• /
• pp.1019-1029
• /
• 1999

In order to find out the influences upon not only the thermal resistance of human body but also the clothing action and the clothing weight which are caused by the differences in the thermal living conditions by using air conditioner and so on to adapt themselves to the changes of their residential environment according to the changes of seasons we investigated the clothing practices upon the male and female students in Seoul and Korean male and female students in Yanbian who are estimated to have different thermal living conditions in spite that they are same folk as well as living in the same age. 1. The total clothing weight of body surface erea was increased in order of summer autumn spring and winter seasons and by seasons the changes of the clothing weight were found in both areas, In Seoul the changes of upper outwear clothing weight were found on both sexes but in Yanbian the changes of underwear weight were found on both sexes. And the underwear weight of both sexes in Seoul was lighter than that of both sexes in Yanbian. 2. Those in Seoul tended to fell colder in winter and hotter in summer than those in Yanbian on account that the formers are more sensitive of thermal conditions than the latters. 3. Comparing clo-value claculated by the fomula of with the Winshlow's clo-value those in Yanbian had higher thermal resistance than those in Seoul. Consequently those in Seoul adapted thermselves to the seasons by controling the upper outwear weight but those in Yanbian did it with underwear weight, The male and female students in Seoul tended to feel colder in winter and hotter in summer than hose in Yanbian because the thermal sense of the former is more sensitive than that of the latter.

• 한국생활과학회지
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.119-127
• /
• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate thermal properties of pesticide protective clothing made of three different nonwoven fabrics which have barrier properties of pesticide. In order to assay the thermal properties of experimental clothing, thermal resistance measurements for clo value and thermographic assessment were conducted using a surface temperature controlled thermal manikin. The thermal manikin was dressed with underwear and experimental clothing. Air temperature in a climate chamber was kept at $28^{\circ}C$ and its humidity was 70% RH. Air velocity was controlled at less than 0.15m/s. Inner radient temperature was almost equal to the air temperature. The basic thermal insulation value(Icl) of underwear was 0.28 clo. The thermal properties of the experimental clothing were varied according to the type of material used in construction. The basic clothing insulation value for C1(spunbonded nonwoven fabric), C2(spunlaced nonwoven fabric), C3(SMS nonwoven fabric) were 0.705 clo, 0.725 clo, 0.738 clo respectively. The C3 experimental clothing made of SMS resulted in higher surface temperatures than the others with more yellowing spots being evident on the thermogram.

• 대한가정학회지
• /
• 제42권10호
• /
• pp.91-104
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences of clothing microclimates and the subjective sensations according to age, gender and clothing weight for $19^{\circ}C$ air temperature. This study was done to gain fundamental data related to saving heating energy and to improve health through wearing underwear (long johns) in lower indoor temperatures. The subjects were divided into four groups (6 young males, 5 young females, 6 old males, 6 old females), and our experiment consisted of three conditions; the first condition was wearing long underwear in $19^{\circ}C$ air (19CUW condition); the second condition was without wearing long underwear in $19^{\circ}C$ air (19C condition); and the third condition was without wearing underwear in $24^{\circ}C$ air (24C condition). The experiment showed that the clothing microclimate temperature and humidity was the lowest in the 19C condition and the highest in the 24C condition irrespective of age and gender. The clothing microclimate in the 19CUW condition was not significantly distinguishable from the other conditions. Clothing microclimate temperature and humidity when the subjects responded thermal comfort was $28\~34^{\circ}C$ and $15\~40\%$RH without any significant difference according to age and gender. For the thermal sensation, the 24C condition was regarded as the warmest environment by the four groups, and the next preference was the 19CUW condition (p<0.001). Young females and old males showed a tendency to feel colder than young males and old females. For the thermal sensation of hands and feet, the young groups felt the warmest in the 24C condition and the coolest in the 19 C condition (p<0.001). However, old males felt neutral for the foot thermal sensation without any significant difference between the three conditions. Old females felt neutral for both the hands and feet thermal sensations without any significant difference between the three conditions. Thermal preference was the highest in the 24C condition for the 4 groups. In the 19CUW condition, for the thermal preference, most young males and females responded 'No change'; on the other hand, mea of the old responded 'Warmer'(p<0.001). It was the 24C condition that the 4 subject groups felt the most thermally comfortable. In the 19CUW condition, over $80\%$ of responses of each group expressed satisfaction and in the 19C condition, over $80\%$ of responses of each group, except young females, expressed satisfaction. In conclusion, in view of the clothing microclimate and subjective sensations, the 24C condition was the condition that gave subjects the least cold stress and the best subjective preference. However, the 19C condition and the 19CUW condition was not such a cold stress as to give healthy subjects a thermal burden.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.55-64
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in skin temperature and thermal comfort of participants in a $19^\circ{C}$ room (the recommended room temperature in the winter) depending on age, sex and clothing weight. Subjects were divided into four groups (6 young males, 5 young females, 6 old males, 6 old females) and experimental trials consisted of three conditions: wearing underwear in a $19^\circ{C}$ room (19CUW), without underwear in a $19^\circ{C}$ room (19C), and without underwear in a $24^\circ{C}$ room (24C). The results indicated the following: 1) There were no significant differences in mean skin temperature based on age or sex, and the mean skin temperatures of the four groups were in the range of 32.4∼$34.0^\circ{C}$. 2) In the 19C condition, the skin temperatures of the hands and feet of old females were higher than those of the other three groups. 3) In terms of perceived thermal comfort, young females showed a tendency to feel the most uncomfortable. Both old and young groups agreed that the 24C condition was the most comfortable. 4) Relational coefficients between thermal comfort and skin temperatures were higher in the young group than in the old group. Furthermore, the perceived thermal comfort had a stronger relationship with mean skin temperatures than with local skin temperatures. 5) The mean skin temperatures of subjects who indicated they were 'comfortable' were in the range of 31∼$36^\circ{C}$ regardless of age or sex.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 1984

An attempt was made to determine individual thermal resistances of 2-lining fabrics ad 4-outer fabrics for Korean-styled clothes, and 4-lining fabrics ad 5-outer fabrics for Western-styled clothes at $19^{\circ}C$ and $24^{\circ}C$. The thermal insulation effects for different lining fabrics in Korean and Western-styled clothes were deduced in determining heart rate, rectal temperature, mean skin temperature and microclimates of subjects. The subjects were dressed experimental clothing which were made of lining and outer fabrics in question, and seated in an environmental chamber during the experiment. 1. Thermal resistances of lining fabrics : For Korean-styled clothes. nylon sheer is larger than unzosa. For Western-styled clothes, rayon, acetate, nylon(taffeta) and kalkali in that order. 2. Thermal resistances of lining fabrics combined : with outer fabrics: For Korean-styled clothes. the measured value is larger than the one of simple aggregate value. But in the case of Western-styled clothes, the measured value is smaller than simple aggregate value. 3. The effects of lining on the thermal insulation of the whole clothing: In case when subjects wore unlimited number of underwear, no matter what lining fabrics were used in Korean and Western-styled clothes less thermal insulation effects were indicated. For the case, however, if subjects wore only limited underwear, there are significant differences of thermal insulation between experimental clothings.

• 대한가정학회지
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.19-31
• /
• 1985

This study was designed to find out clothing weights and clothing practice of elementary school children and their mothers and to investigate the correlation between clothing weights of the children and those of their mothers and to investigate the correlation between clothing weights and physical fitness of the children. RESULTS : 1. Total clothing weight of elementary school children was heavier than that of their mothers. 2. The results analyzed by sex and age of the children were as follows. Correlation was little recognized between lowerwear, underwear weights of the 6 year old girls and underwear weight of their mothers and between upperwear weight of 10 year old girls and underwear weight of their mothers. 3. In case of the children who made a clothing decision with their mothersm, correlation was recognized between total clothing weight of the children and total clothing, underwear, lowerwear weights of their mothers, and between upperwear weight of the children and upperwear weight of the children and upperwear, total clothing, underwear and outerwear weights of their mothers, and between outerwear weight of the children and lowerwear weight of their mothers. 4. Physical fitness had partly a negative correlation with the clothing weights in case of the boys, while not the girls. As a reslult, clothing weights of elementary school children were related to thermal sensation of their mothers.