• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제3권5호
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• pp.479-485
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• 2001

This study was to determine the effect of garment closures and layering systems on insulation, using a thermal movable manikin in cold weather conditions. The insulation values of ensembles with opened and closed features were measured, and those of four different layered clothing ensembles were tested while standing and while walking. Our research indicated that when there was an opening involved in design the system, insulation decreased; even a zip-out lining in the armpit affected little. If a light weight jacket and pants are put on over a fleece shirt and pants instead polyester underwear, the amount of insulation increase was 0.43 clo.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1756-1764
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• 2002

본 연구의 목적은 의복시스템 내 에서 착탈이 가능한 라이너 가 있을 때 얼마만큼의 보온성 이 증가되는가를 알고자 하는 것이다. 서로 다른 섬유조성 과 두께를 가지는 3개 의 의복앙상블을 선정하여 움직일 수 있는 마네킨을 사용하여 14$^{\circ}C$로 조절되어 있는 인공기후실에서 보온성을 측정하였다. 그 결과 라이너 사용 후 보온성이 증가되었는데 그 정도는 라이너 의 두께 와 섬유조성에 따라서 다르며 약 0.5 clo 증가하였다. 이 결과로부터 착탈 가능한 라이너의 사용으로 추운기후에 어느 정도 적응 할 수 있는가를 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.1387-1395
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• 1997

Effects of the ambient air temperature and the opening position on the pattern of the clothing ventilation of a thermal manikin wearing an impermeable blouse were investigated by the trace gas method. Under an isothermal condition, the ventilation was governed by diffusion, and the ventilation rate through the wrist-openings was greatly affected by the distance from the openings. Under non-isothermal conditions, however, the ventilation was accelerated by the convection driven by the temperature gradient between the clothing microclimate and the surrounding air; the greater the temperature gradient, the greater the ventilation. Even though it was certainly affected by the ambient air temperature, the ventilation rate was more significantly influenced by the position of openings. The ventilation patterns at the arm and the body were distinctive.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.993-999
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• 2013

This study aimed to measure the amount of sweating on 12 parts of the upper body using absorption fabric and analyze subjective sensations. The study was conducted with 9 male subjects in climate chamber controled at $30{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$, and $55{\pm}5%$ RH. The result was that sweating amount of the upper back part was significantly more than upper front part. We assumed that forced convection flow cased by exercise decreased the sweating rate in the front. The skin temperature of upper front body rapidly decreased as soon as exercise starts and gradually increased with cessation of exercise. On the other hand, the skin temperature of palm increased with exercise and showed continuous increasing even exercise stopping all the experimental period. This is caused by thermoregulatory responses through vasodilatation on the peripheral area. Subjective sensations, such as thermal sensation, wet sensation, and thermal comfort showed the highest score at the time of exercise stop. This means the subjects felt more hot, wet, and uncomfortable after exercise stopped. Bur after wiping of sweat, subjective sensation scores were recovered rapidly. The present study has provided more detailed information on the upper body sweat distribution than previously available, which can be used in clothing design, thermo-physiological modeling, and thermal manikin design. We also think that results of the present study will play an important role in making the sweat distribution map.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.172-182
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• 2018

The purpose of the present study was to quantify the thermal insulation of garments by item and examine factors influencing clothing insulation. A total of 769 garments in clo unit were collected and classified into 12 categories: blouses/shirts (95 items, BS), T-shirts/sweaters (62 items, TS), vest (23 items, VT), cardigans (23 items, CD), jackets/coats (75 items, JC), sport outerwear (including padding jackets)(48 items, SO), trousers (23 items, TR), skirts (56 items, SK), dresses (28 items, DS), underwear (150 items, UW), sleepwear (50 items, SW), and personal protective clothing (59 items, PPC). The results showed that clothing insulation was $0.21{\pm}0.01clo$ for the BS, $0.22{\pm}0.01clo$ for TS, $0.12{\pm}0.00clo$ for VT, $0.23{\pm}0.02clo$ for CD, $0.40{\pm}0.02clo$ for JC, $0.49{\pm}0.03clo$ for SO, $0.21{\pm}0.01clo$ for TR, $0.18{\pm}0.01clo$ for SK, $0.34{\pm}0.03clo$ for DS, $0.09{\pm}0.01clo$ for UW, $0.42{\pm}0.03clo$ for SW, and $0.56{\pm}0.03clo$ for PPC (p<.001). The most influential factors among the seven factors for thermal insulation of garments were clothing weight and covering area; however, the explanatory powers of two factors differed according to clothing categories. The covering area had more significant impact on clothing insulation in cardigans, jackets/coats, trousers, and dresses than clothing weight. Covering areas and clothing weight were the most influential factors in the following categories: blouses/shirt, T-shirts/sweaters, skirts, sleepwear and personal protective clothing. The garment weight was the most important factor for thermal insulation for the sport outerwear.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.485-491
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• 2015

구명정의 열전달 특성 및 해상상태에 따른 조난자의 저체온증 발생 가능성에 대한 기술적 검토는 선박의 좌초 및 침몰 사고에 대응하기 위해 활용될 수 있다. 본 연구는 해상용 구명정(또는 구명벌)의 설계에 필요한 열전달 특성 및 단열 성능을 분석 및 평가방법에 대해서 연구하였다. 또한, 해상 저체온증 발생 가능성을 파악하기 위한 연구로써 Thermal manikin과 인체를 대상으로 체온 저하의 예측을 판단하기 위한 단열성능 실험 및 인체 온도 특성 해석 결과를 제시하였다. 열전달 해석은 구명 뗏목의 열전도 특성, 해수의 대류 효과 및 단열 재료의 특성에 따른 성능 변화를 파악하도록 유한요소해석 방법을 적용하였다. 인체 시험에서 입수 시 신체 온도 변화를 파악하기 위해서 각 부위에 열전대를 부착한 상태로 구명정에 탑승하여 온도 변화 및 열유속 변화를 계측하였다. 실험으로부터 계측한 체온 변화와 유한요소해석 모델의 체온 변화를 비교함으로써 결과의 타당성을 제시하였다. 나아가 유한요소해석을 통해 저체온증 발생 가능성을 검토하였다.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.294-303
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• 2012

This study was designed to develop air force mechanic parka, evaluate it, and ultimately provide functionally superior parka to the air force. The development process was 1) conducting a survey, 2) identifying problems and shortcomings of currently-supplied parkas, and 3) improving the design, pattern and materials. The newly-developed parkas were evaluated in terms of their ease of fit, clothing mobility, and insulation. Ease of fit was evaluated by subjects' sensory tests, and clothing mobility was by fitness-for-motion tests and range-of-motion tests using a Goniometer. Evaluation on insulation was conducted by thermal manikins. Findings of this study were as follows: 1. In the subjective evaluation on clothing mobility, new parkas were considered to have sufficient ease of fit while previous ones scored much lower, confirming the improvement of the new version. 2. Both subjective tests and ROM measurements on fitness for motion verified the superiority of the new parkas. 3. Insulation tests found that although insulation capability of newly-developed parkas was at a similar level to those of the previous ones, their insulation capability per unit weight was superior, demonstrating that new parkas were better at blocking heat conduction. When making changes in parka patterns and designs to enhance the mobility, it was necessary to maintain the insulation function. The new parkas developed by this study was verified to be superior to the previous ones in their insulation and clothing mobility.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.261-268
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to investigate problems of design, fitness, suitability for movement, and wearing comfort of jumper for Korean military tank drivers through analysis of actual wearing condition by questionnaire and field evaluation and to provide basic data for developing its improved design. The survey was done for 477 military tank drivers and evaluation was performed using thermal manikin to measure insulation. The overall satisfaction for design of jumper for military tank driver was over 3.5(likert scale). The overall satisfaction for fitness of jumper for military tank driver was also over 3.5. The satisfactions for material was between 2.39 and 3.13 and the satisfaction for pilling property was the lowest, followed by static property and shape stability after laundering. The satisfactions for movement suitability were standing(3.81), sitting(3,38), raising hand(forward: 2.90, sideward: 3.01), respectively. In insulation evaluation of jumper for military tank drivers and outwears(jacket, jumper), the insulation of jumper for military tank drivers was lower than outwear(jumper) and same with outwear(jacket). The insulation in dynamic and still condition(without wind) of jumper for military tank driver was 0.37clo and 0.31clo, respectively. Its decreation rate in dynamic condition comparing to still condition was 59% which was lower than jacket(0.73clo) and jumper(1.15clo).

• 복식
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate mechanical and comfort performances of the material for the improved working uniform for a volunteer fire brigade member, to get basic data for its evaluation and to help its material and design development. The results were as follows; The material of the newly developed working uniform was thinner and lighter than the material of the current used working uniform. It had better breathability, air permeability and heat transmission rate than the current one. It also had superior anti-flammability In all mechanical properties(tensile, bending, shearing, compression and surface properties), it showed better performances than the current one. It elongated and bended easier and more in both warp and weft directions. The elastic recovery and shape stability after elongation were also higher. The recovery and resistance to shearing and the resiliency and recovery after compression were also better than the current one. It was more flexible, softer and smoother in primary hand value, and was more suitable for the material for winter suit which needs softness and fullness in total hand value. The material of the improved working uniform showed lower thermal insulation value and higher evaporative resistance value compared to the material of the currently used working uniform from the sweating thermal manikin test. It was shown that the physical performances and the hand value of the textile material used in the newly developed working uniform for a volunteer fiber brigade member was improved compared to the one used in the currently used working uniform.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.215-229
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• 2007

Objectives : Placebo phenomena have been considered as a confounding factor of clinical trial. Expectancy and belief of acupuncture have not been evaluated quantitatively. The present study was performed to analyze the emotional and cognitive factor .of acupuncture and investigate whether the expectancy of acupuncture treatment is associated with the cognition of acupuncture. Methods : The expectancy and the perception of bodily sensation (PBS) of 22 participants were assessed using self-reported questionnaire. The subjects used the self assessment manikin (SAM) to rate each of the standard affective image of the international affective picture system (lAPS) and other acupuncture-related image. Based on the degree of expectancy, the high expectant (HE) and the low expectant (LE) group were classified. The thermal and pressure pain threshold was objectively evaluated using radiant-heat device and algometer. The degree of expected pain of acupuncture and the actual pain of painful stimulation was subjectively evaluated using facial pain scales (FPS). Results : Using SAlVI analysis, we identified the negative correlation between hedonic valence and arousal dimension on acupuncture-related visual cue. The degree of the PBS and general pain threshold did not show any significant difference between the HE and the LE group. The HE group rated the acupuncture images as more pleasant, more arousing, than the LE group. In addition, we also found that the higher expectancy marked the lower FPS of the expected pain of acupuncture, but not of the actual pain of painful stimulation. Conclusions : Our preliminary study identified the psychological dimensions of acupuncture-related visual cue. These findings indicate that the expectancy of acupuncture could affect the cognition of acupuncture.