• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.107-117
• /
• 2023

Background: Thermophysiological comfort in a cold environment is mainly ensured by clothing. However, the thermal performance and protective abilities of textile fabrics may be sensitive to extreme environmental conditions. This article evaluated the thermal insulation properties of three technical textile assemblies and determined the influence of environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, and wind speed) on their insulation capacity. Methods: Thermal insulation capacity and air permeability of the assemblies were determined experimentally. A sweating-guarded hotplate apparatus, commonly called the "skin model," based on International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 11092 standard and simulating the heat transfer from the body surface to the environment through clothing material, was adopted for the thermal resistance measurements. Results: It was found that the assemblies lost about 85% of their thermal insulation with increasing wind speed from 0 to 16 km/h. Under certain conditions, values approaching 1 clo have been measured. On the other hand, the results showed that temperature variation in the range (-40℃, 30℃), as well as humidity ratio changes (5 g/kg, 20 g/kg), had a limited influence on the thermal insulation of the studied assemblies. Conclusion: The present study showed that the most important variable impacting the thermal performance and protective abilities of textile fabrics is the wind speed, a parameter not taken into account by ISO 11092.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.301-306
• /
• 1993

Since the underquilt has an important role of supporting the human body in sleeping, it needs to sustain ample degrees of hardness, elasticity, humidity absorption, and warmth retention property and also to have the two ergonimical requirements : It should not be too soft to allow human bodies to sink in, and that it should be comfortable for humans to tum over in sleeping. This study aims to investigate the effect of the thermal insulation of the variation in weight applied to the underquilt. For this purpose, six items were selected as filling materials for the underquilt : cotton, wool, silk, down, polyester, cotton/ployester. Various weights were applied to each of the underquilts to survey the reduction tendency of its thermal insulation effect. The results are as follow : 1. The Thermal insulation effect of each underquilt decreased in an exponetial function as the weight on the underquilt was increased. 2. The thermal reduction curves according to the load weight insrease were shown to be constant in shape regardless of the weight increase. 3. At the weight of more than $25kg/m^2$ the degree of the thermal insulation effect of each underquilt was found to be in order of down>cotton>silk>polyester>wool>cotton/ployester. 4. The variation in load weight applied to each underquilt was shown to be in reverse correlation with the thermal insulation effect. An estimated regression formula can be made on the data.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 1984

An attempt was made to determine individual thermal resistances of 2-lining fabrics ad 4-outer fabrics for Korean-styled clothes, and 4-lining fabrics ad 5-outer fabrics for Western-styled clothes at $19^{\circ}C$ and $24^{\circ}C$. The thermal insulation effects for different lining fabrics in Korean and Western-styled clothes were deduced in determining heart rate, rectal temperature, mean skin temperature and microclimates of subjects. The subjects were dressed experimental clothing which were made of lining and outer fabrics in question, and seated in an environmental chamber during the experiment. 1. Thermal resistances of lining fabrics : For Korean-styled clothes. nylon sheer is larger than unzosa. For Western-styled clothes, rayon, acetate, nylon(taffeta) and kalkali in that order. 2. Thermal resistances of lining fabrics combined : with outer fabrics: For Korean-styled clothes. the measured value is larger than the one of simple aggregate value. But in the case of Western-styled clothes, the measured value is smaller than simple aggregate value. 3. The effects of lining on the thermal insulation of the whole clothing: In case when subjects wore unlimited number of underwear, no matter what lining fabrics were used in Korean and Western-styled clothes less thermal insulation effects were indicated. For the case, however, if subjects wore only limited underwear, there are significant differences of thermal insulation between experimental clothings.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.23 no.8
• /
• pp.1098-1109
• /
• 1999

This study was to examine the effects of textiles materials and wearing types on the thermal regulation responses of human, Cotton polyester wool silk and rayon were chosen as outerwears and acetate was selected as a lining. Blouse-skirt suits blouse-slacks suits and one-piece dress made of selected textiles were examined by human trials, Tests results were as follows ; 1 When subjects wore vlouse-slacks suits Tmsk was showed the highest value. There was a significant difference on Tmsk(p<0.05) when they wore one-piece dress. The temperature of microclimate inside clothing when subjects wore blouse-slacks suits showed the highest value and one-piece dress and then blouse-skirt suits in order. For blouse-skirt suits clothing without lining showed higher temperature of the back of microclimate inside clothing than clothing with lining except cotton(p<0.1) 2. There were no significant consistency of the increasing rates of thermal insulation of garment at fabric test and human trials among polyesterand silk.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.172-182
• /
• 2018

The purpose of the present study was to quantify the thermal insulation of garments by item and examine factors influencing clothing insulation. A total of 769 garments in clo unit were collected and classified into 12 categories: blouses/shirts (95 items, BS), T-shirts/sweaters (62 items, TS), vest (23 items, VT), cardigans (23 items, CD), jackets/coats (75 items, JC), sport outerwear (including padding jackets)(48 items, SO), trousers (23 items, TR), skirts (56 items, SK), dresses (28 items, DS), underwear (150 items, UW), sleepwear (50 items, SW), and personal protective clothing (59 items, PPC). The results showed that clothing insulation was $0.21{\pm}0.01clo$ for the BS, $0.22{\pm}0.01clo$ for TS, $0.12{\pm}0.00clo$ for VT, $0.23{\pm}0.02clo$ for CD, $0.40{\pm}0.02clo$ for JC, $0.49{\pm}0.03clo$ for SO, $0.21{\pm}0.01clo$ for TR, $0.18{\pm}0.01clo$ for SK, $0.34{\pm}0.03clo$ for DS, $0.09{\pm}0.01clo$ for UW, $0.42{\pm}0.03clo$ for SW, and $0.56{\pm}0.03clo$ for PPC (p<.001). The most influential factors among the seven factors for thermal insulation of garments were clothing weight and covering area; however, the explanatory powers of two factors differed according to clothing categories. The covering area had more significant impact on clothing insulation in cardigans, jackets/coats, trousers, and dresses than clothing weight. Covering areas and clothing weight were the most influential factors in the following categories: blouses/shirt, T-shirts/sweaters, skirts, sleepwear and personal protective clothing. The garment weight was the most important factor for thermal insulation for the sport outerwear.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.703-713
• /
• 2021

This study was to investigate the thermal insulation of clothing ensembles, including padded jackets with two different filling types. Thermal insulation of the ensemble was measured using a thermal manikin in four conditions (10℃, 30% RH and 20℃, 50% RH with an air velocity of less than 0.15 m·s^-1 and 1.5 m·s^-1). Ten males participated at 10℃ and 30% RH with an air velocity of less than 0.15 m·s^-1 and 1.5 m·s^-1. The results showed that the polyester ensemble was warmer than a goose down ensemble in 0.15 m·s^-1 conditions and the goose down ensemble had greater thermal insulation than the polyester ensemble at an air velocity of 1.5 m·s^-1. Thermal insulation was reduced 5-7% when temperature decreased 10℃ and reduced 40-50% when air velocity reached 1.5 m·s^-1 for both ensembles. Thermal insulation of the ensemble in human trials decreased more than a thermal manikin at 10℃, 30% RH with an air velocity of 1.5 m·s^-1. Lower temperatures and human trials were effective in identifying the properties of the thermal insulation by filling types even though there were restrictions on the general application because of two types of a clothing ensemble.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.382-390
• /
• 2012

This study shows the optimum attachment of Two-Way Shape Memory Alloy (TWSMA) springs onto thermal liner and its sewing method for the mass production of fire fighter's intelligent turnout gear. SMA springs were attached to the fabric by four different methods and stitched by two different shapes (square and wave). The durability of the attached springs was tested by laundering up to 50 cycles. Examined were whether the springs would remain attached to the fabric after repeated laundering, the shape memory effect and reaction of the springs, and the anti-corrosiveness of the springs. A Human-Clothing-Environment simulator evaluated thermal insulation according to attachment methods, air layer volume, and stitch types. The findings showed that silicon attached springs remained intact after repeated laundering; in addition, repeated laundering did not influence the responsiveness and anti-corrosiveness of SMAs. Air volume had positive relations with the insulation. Attachment methods or stitch methods had limited impact on the thermal insulation. As a result, a wave type stitch with silicone attachment was suggested as the optimum method to attach the SMA springs onto the intelligent turnout gear for fire fighters.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
• /
• v.4 no.6
• /
• pp.544-549
• /
• 2002

By the movable thermal manikin developed by China Dong Hua university, the laws of clothing thermal insulation influenced by dressing poses are studied. It is found that $I_a$ on nude thermal manikin has no relation to testing pose as a whole (notable level is 5%), while the change of testing pose influences $I_a$ value on parts of body obviously. The testing result $I_{cle}$ on clothed thermal manikin has relation to testing pose. The $I_{cle}$ value of the whole body in seated pose decreases 20 percent compared with that in standing pose (notable level is 1%). In view of heat transmission theory, the reasons are pointed out based on the knowledge of heat transmission.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.21 no.7
• /
• pp.1153-1161
• /
• 1997

The insulation provided by clothing system is usually expressed in terms of a coo units and its distribution of the body, directly affect convective, conductive, and radiant heat loss from the skin to the environment Evaporated heat loss is dependent upon fabric permeability, the amount of body surface area covered by clothing, and the pumping of air between the body and garment layers. Persons at low to medium activity levels, dressed in conventional apparel in door environments, usually do not lose a large amount of heat through evaporation. Thermal manikin technology is used to measure the resistance to heat transfer provided by clothing systems. The reciprocal of this value, 6.45 W/m2.$^{\circ}C$ is often used in calculations for convenience. The purpose of this study was to implement a research program for calculation the insulation value (clo), body surface area and basal metabolic rate of selected clothing system. The project provided for the building of an insulation data base for use in evaluating and comparing new and improved garments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.245-254
• /
• 1992

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanical thermal resistances and comfort properties of ski wear made with vapor-permeable water repellent (VPWR) fabrics and thermal insulation battings. Four types of experimental clothing were made with the combination of two VPWR fabrics (Hipora-$TM^{\circledR}$, Hipora-$CR^{\circledR}$) and two thermal insulation battings ($Viwarm^{\circledR},\;Airseal^{\circledR}$). Thermal resistances of ski wear were objectly evaluated by thermal manikin experiment ($21{\pm}\;2^{\circ}C,\;50{\pm}5\%$ R.H.,0.25 m/sec air velocity) and thermographic accessment ($2{\pm}2^{\circ}C,\;0\%$ R.H.,0.25 m/sec air velocity, and emissivity level : 1). Garment wear tests of ski wear included the measurement of the microclimate (inner temp. and relative humidity) of the experimental clothing by digital thermohygrometer and subject wear sensation using McNall's thermal comfort ratings. CBo values of experimental clothing 4 (Hipora-$CR^{\circledR}+Airseal^{\circledR}$) and 1 (Hipora-$TM^{\circledR}+Viwarm^{\circledR}$) were significantly higher than those of 2 (Hipora-$TM^{\circledR}+Airseal^{\circledR}$) and 3 (Hipora-$CR^{\circledR}+Viwarm^{\circledR}$). Thermal resistances in the points of breast, back, belly, and loin was significantly higher than those of upper am, fore arm, and shank of measuring points on the thermal manikin. According to the color map of the thermogram, the experimental clothing 4 indicated higher surface temperatures than the others showing more yellowish spots on the surface of clothing. Inner temperature of experimental clothing was not significantly different among the four types of ski wear, but relative humidities of experimental clothing were significantly different. Relative humidities of experimental clothing 1 and 3 showed higher than those of 2 and 4. Relative humidity of experimantal clothing was affected largely by the thermal resis- tance of thermal insulation batting materials. The subject wear sensation of experimental clothing 2 and 4 showed lower humidity than the others. Subject wear sensation was affected more by humidity sensation than by thermal sensation.