• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.105-122
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• 1998

This research investigated the relationships between families' environment, familism, and the agreement on the parent-child relations as depicted in Korean proverbs to find the change of the traditional values about parent-child relationships. The sample was comprised of 474 Korean married people. They were asked to rate the degree to which they agreed on the underlying value of each proverb. The data were collected through a mailed questionnaire and interview. The findings indicated that the responses of subjects varied as a function of families' environment and familism variables. More specifically, while the subjects living with extended family were more likely to rate the value toward children and daughter high, the subjects from nuclear family were more likely to express the affection toward children, to prefer boys, and to express child-rearing stress. In addition, the people who had lived with grandparents together tended to agree with the value of filial piety. The respondents from conservative surroundings were more likely to express the affection toward children and to prefer boys. The subjects from a rural community tended to prefer boys and to place high value on the authoritative control. The people who supported familism tended to express the affection toward children and child-rearing stress, to prefer boys, and to agree with the filial piety and authoritative control. But they tended to rate low on the value of children and daughter.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.53-65
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• 2001

The purposes of this study were to collect basic data on education of Sexuality(Health education) of consciousness & value of sexuality of elementary school children. 584,6th grade students in elementary school in Yong-In city were analysed and the results are as follow; 1. Knowledges of sexuality for children was at a average level, especially "physical change of puberty" and "sexual violence" were well recognized but "the physical characteristics of male & female" and "physiological phenomena of men" were less recognized. Attitudes of sexuality were positive for "relationship with partners" and "expression of mind". Practices of sexuality were at a low rate in the case of "shaking hands with partner" and "experience of sexual behavior". The Value of sexuality was at a high rates in the case of "the role of sex", "equality" & "self-identification", therefore students need good education of sexuality from childhood 2. Sexuality education of students increased knowledges of sexuality as a consciousness. There was no relationship between attitudes and pratices of sexuality. Educated children valued sexuality move highly than uneducated children. This result shows that education is needed with regard to both the knowledge and value of sexuality in a planned system. We need some program to provide more information on sexual attitudes and practices. 3. There was a high correlation between the consciousness of sexuality and value placed on it. As sexual awareness increases amongst students codes of morality develop Positive sexual attitudes served as good role models for sex. In particular positive sexual attitudes have a big effect on sexual values. In addition, as sexual awareness and attitude increase amongst students the role of sexual development. The elementary school phase sexual values are developed and determined. It is therefore an important phase.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-28
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• 1974

The writers have conducted the investigation to assess the nutritional status of young rural Korean children aged from 0 to 4 years old in August 1971. The survey areas were Kaejong-myon. Daeya-myon, Okku-gun, Jeonra-bukdo, Korea. These survey areas were typical agricultural plain areas. The total numbers of children examined were 2,706 comprising 1,394 male and 1,312 female. The weight, height, and chest circumference of children were measured and means and standard deviations. were calculated for each measurement. In addition, the nutritional status of each child was classified by the four levels of malnutrition and the Gomez classification, The examination of red blood cell count, haematocrit value, and intestinal parasite infection were carried out at the same time. In general, recent work tend to suggest that environmental influences, especially nutrition, are of great importance than genetic background or other biological factors for physical growth and development. Certainly the physical dimensions of the body are much influenced by nutrition, particularly in the rapidly growing period of early childhood. Selected body measurements can therefore give valuable information concerning protein-calory malnutrition. Growth can also be affected by bacterial, viral, and parasitic infection. For the field workers in a developing country, therefore, nutritional anthropometry appears to be of greatest value in the assessment of growth failure and undernutrition, principally from lack of protein and calories. In order to compare and evaluate the data obtained, the optimal data of growth from the off-spring of the true well-fed, medically and socially protected are needed. So-called 'Standards' that have been compiled for preschool children in Korea, however, are based on measurement of children from middle or lower socio-economic groups, who are, in fact, usually undernourished from six months of age onwards and continuously exposed to a succession of infective and parasitic diseases. So that, the Harvard Standards which is one of the international reference standards was used as the reference standards in this study. Findings of the survey were as follows: A. Anthropometric data: 1) Comparing the mean values for body weight obtained with the Korean standard weight of the same age, the rural Korean children were slightly haevier than the Korean standard values in both sexes. Comparing with the Japanese children values, the rural Korean children were slightly haevier in male and in the infant period of female but lighter in female of the period of 1 to 4 years old than Japanese children. 2) Comparing the mean values for height obtained with the Korean standard height of the same age, the rural Korean children were taller than the Korean standard values except the second half of infatn period in both sexes. Comparing with the Japanese children, the rural Korean children were slightly smaller than Japanese children except the first half of infant peroid in both sexes. 3) Mear values of chest circumference of rural Korean children obtained were less than the Korean standard values of the same ages in both sexes. B. Prevalence of Protein-Calory Malnutrition: Children examined were devided into two groups, i. e., infant(up to the first birthday) and toddler (1 to 4 fears old). 1) Percentages of four levels of malnutrition: a) When the nutrtional status of each child was classified (1) by body weight value, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 52.8%(infant 83.3%, toddler 44.4%) and 39.7% (infant 74.5%. toddler 30.5%), the first level of malnutrition were 31.9%(infant 13.7%, toddler 36.9%) and 31.7%(infant 15.3%, toddler 36,0%), the second level of malnutrition were 12.3%(infant 1.7%, toddler 15.3%) and 23.3% (infant 7.7%, fodder 27.5%), the third level of malnutrition were 2.7%(infant 0.7%, toddler 3.2%) and 4.6%(infant 1.8%, toddler 5.3%) the fourth level of malnutrition were 0.3% (infant 0.7%, toddler 0.2%) and 0.7% (0.7% for infant and toddler) respectively. (2) by height value, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 80.3% (infant 97.3%, toddler 75.6%) and 75.1% (infant 96.4%, toddler 69.5), the first level of malnutrition were 17.9% (infant 2.0%, toddler 22.3%) and 23.6% (infants 3.6%, toddler 28.8%), the second level of malnutrition were 1.2% (infant 0.3%, toddler 1.5%) and 1.1% (infant 0%, toddler 1.4%), the third level of malnutrition were 0.4%(infant 0.3%, toddler 0.5%) and 0.2%(infant 0%, toddler 0.3%), the fourth level of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0%, toddler 0.1%) and 0% respectively. (3) by body weight in relation to height, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 87.9% (infant 77.6%, toddler 87.9%) and 78.2% (infant 77.4%, toddler 78.2%), the first level of malnutrition were 12.2% (infant 18.4%, toddler 10.6%) and 18.2% (infant 17.9%, toddler 18.3%), the second level of malnutrition were 1.9%(infant 3.3%, toddler 1.5%) and 3.0%(infant 3.3%, toddler 2.9%), the third level of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0%. toddler 0.1%) and 0.5% (infant 0%, toddler 0.6%), the fourth level of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0.7%, toddler 0%) and 0.3% (infant 1.5%, toddler 0%) respectively. b) When the nutritional status of each child according to the mother's age at perturition, i. e., young aged mother (up to 30 years old), middle aged mother (31 to 40 years old) and old aged mother (41 years or above) was classified (1) by body weight, among infants and toddlers, at each year of age, with increasing the mother's age, there was an increase in percentage of subjects underweight. This tendency of increasing percentage of underweight was more significant in the infant period than the toddler period. (2) by height value, no significant differences between each mother's age group were found. c) When the nutritional status of each child according to the birth rank, i. e., lower birth rank (first to third) and higher birth rank (fourth or above) was classified (1) by weight value, children of higher birth rank were slightly more often underweight than those of lower birth rank, but not significant. (2) by height value, no differences were found between children of lower and higher birth rank. 2) Gomez Classification: When the nutritional status of each child was classified a) by body weight value, the percentages for male and female of children. attained standard growth were 53.1% (infant 82.6%, toddler 44.9%) and 39.2% (infant 73.4%, toddler 30.1%), the first degree of malnutrition were 39.4% (infant 14.7%, toddler 46.2%) and 47.1% (infant 21.9%, toddler 53.8%), the second degree of malnutrition were 7.3%(infant 2.3%, toddler 8.6%) and 12.9% (infant 4.0%, toddler 15.2%). and the third degree of malnutrition were 0.2%. (infant 0.3%, toddler 0.2%) and 0.8% (infant 0.7%, toddler 0.9%) respectively. b) by height value, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 80.8% (infant 97.0%, toddler 76.3%) and 73.8%(infant 95.6%, toddler 68.0%), the first degree of malnutrition were 18.5% (infant 2.7%, toddler 22.9%) and 24.6% (infant 4.4%, toddler 30.0%), the second degree of malnutrition were 0.6%(infant 0.3%, toddler 0.7%) and 0.5% (infant 0.1%, toddler 0.7%), and the third degree of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0%, toddler 0.1%) and 1.1% (infant 0%, toddler 1.3%) respectively. C. Results of clinical laboratory examination: 1) Red blood cells: The ranges of mean red blood cell counts for male and female were $3,538,000/mm^3\;to\;4,403,000/mm^3\;and\;3,576,000/mm^3\;to\;4,483,000/mm^3$ respectively. The lowest red cell counts were seen at the age of 0-3 months for male and 1-2 months for female. 2) Haematocrit value : The ranges of haematocrit value of male and female were 35.1% to 38.8% and 34.7% to 38.8% respectively. The lowest haematocrit values were seen at the age of 2-3 months for male and 1-2, months for female. 3) The prevalence rates of intestinal parasites for male and female children with Ascaris lumbricoides were 34.1% (infant 18.8%, toddler 38.1%) and 36.0%(infant 18.4%, toddler 40.7%), with Trichocephalus trichiuris were 6.8% (infant 2.9%, toddler 7.9%) and 9.0% (infant 3.0%, toddler 10.6%), with Hookworm were 0.3% (infant 0.5%, toddler 0.2%) and 0.3% (infant 0.5%, toddler 0.3%), with Clonorchis sinensis were 0.4%(infant 0%, toddler 0.5%) and 0.1%(infant 0%, toddler 0.1%) respectively.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.39-43
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• 1978

I have studied on the dental caries incidence of 172 poliomyelitis children who are housed in rehabilitation hospital age from 3 to 13 years compared to a group of normal children. The results were as follows; 1. def rate of the poliomyelitis children was 68.63% (male 66.67%, female 71.43%) and was low value compare with that of control group of 78.64% (M 75.93%, F81.63%). 2. def index per person of poliomyelitis children was 2.37 (M 2.00, F 2.91) and was low in number compare with that of 3.29 (M 3.33, F 3.24) in control group children. 3. DMF rate of the poliomyelitis children was 59.41% (M 54.55%, F 62.79%) and was higher value than that of 48.28% (M 37.88%, F 59.96%) in control group. 4. DMF incidence per person in poliomyelitis was 1.62 (M1.48, F1.89) and was also higher in number than that of 1. 220 (M 0.85, F 1.49) in control group. 5. The dental caries incidence was higher in female than in male.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.227-236
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to examine the acidity of beverages that are sold for children in the market and to estimate by experiment the degree of the enamel erosion of deciduous teeth that is attributed to the beverages. The pH value of children beverages among top sale list in Seoul and Gyeonggi province were measured. And 7 beverages with the pH value of 3.5 or lower were selected. The enamel erosion of deciduous teeth by the children beverages for 1, 5, 10, and 30 minutes respectively was examined. The results were as follows: 1. The acidity of most of the children beverages examined in this study was the pH level of 5.5 or lower that can cause the tooth erosion. 2. The microhardness value of the enamel of deciduous teeth was lower as exposing it to children beverages. The reduction of surface microhardness value was significant from 1 minute after the exposure, and the reduction was continuously observed until 30 minutes has passed. 3. The higher the acidity of beverages, the larger the reduction in microhardness value caused after the exposure of 30 minutes to the beverages. There was no significant relation between the acidity of beverages and the reduction rate of surface microhardness value. The other factors such as calcium, phosphorus, and fluorine or buffering of the beverages may affect the enamel erosion.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.1-17
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of family characteristics of the baby boomer generation on the level of their later life preparation. This study randomly sampled a birth cohort between 1955 and 1963 consisting of participants living in Seoul, South Korea with a spouse and a child/children. This study investigated a total of 455 subjects from March 2 to March 20, 2016. The study findings are summarized as follows. This study analyzed the characteristics of baby boomers' family relationships and their effects on their later life preparation. It was found that 55.4% of the subjects had at least 2 children, and 44.6% had 1 child. Concerning their children's marital status, 33.8% had married children and 66.2% had unmarried children. The level of their children's support was found at 2.82 points (standard deviation [SD] = .64), which is slightly higher than the mean value of 2.5. The spouse satisfaction among the subjects was found to be 3.59 (.79) which is higher than the mean value of 3. The general status of later life preparation was 2.70 (SD = .44), which is lower than the mean value of 3. In the sub-dimension, the level of social preparation was 2.98 points (SD = .61); the level of economic preparation was 2.60 (SD = .64); and the level of physical preparation was 2.53 (SD = .45). All the values were lower than the mean value of 3. The overall status of later life preparation of the subjects in this study was low. The physical preparation level was particularly low. To analyze the factors that affect baby boomers' later life preparation, a hierarchical regression analysis was implemented. As a result, a significant effect was found in specific factors, such as spouse satisfaction (${\beta}$ = .32, p < .001), age (${\beta}$ = .26, p < .001), number of children (${\beta}$ = -.18, p <.001), health status (${\beta}$ = .18, p < .001), gender (${\beta}$ = -.11, p < .05), household income (${\beta}$ = .10, p < .05), and children's marital status (${\beta}$ = .10, p < .05). That is, the higher the spousal satisfaction, the older the age, and the lower the number of children, the higher the levels of later life preparation. Further, a higher level of later life preparation was observed in women, those with higher household incomes, and those with married children.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.109-140
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• 2016

The primary objective of this study was to classify different family values and to examine how university students' perceptions of childbirth differ according to the types of family values. The sample for this study consisted of 601 university students living in the cities of Seoul, Incheon, and the Gyeonggi province. The data were collected using structured questionnaires distributed through an online survey. Descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviation and cluster analysis, One-Way ANOVA and $X^2$ test are applied to analyze the data. The major results of this study are as follows: 1. The values of the university students regarding marriage, children, and familism were used as parameters to categorize the different types of family values on the cluster analysis. The results of the cluster analysis showed that the university students' family values could be classified into three types; "family-centered values", "individual-centered values", and "familism children-centered value". 2. The family values of the university students differed according to each student's gender, age, religion, socioeconomic status, gender-role attitude, and relationships with his or her father and or mother. 3. On average, the number of children that the students would like to have in the future is higher than the number of children that they actually plan to have. 4. The students' perceptions of family planning and low birthrate circumstances differed according to their family values. The university students categorized as having "family-centered values" planned to have the highest number of children in the future and thought that the low birthrate was a very serious issue, whereas the students with "individual-centered values" planned to have the lowest the number of children in the future. 5. To conclude the study, recommendations were made for the government to improve the low birthrate and for facilitate further research regarding this issue.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2022

Background: Few studies have evaluated the exposure to phthalates via inhalation of floor dust in children's living areas. Objectives: This study evaluated the concentration and exposure level of phthalates emitted from indoor floor dust in children's living areas. Methods: This study utilized the results of a survey conducted by the Ministry of Environment in 2019. Indoor dust was collected from 150 households with children aged 3~7 and 67 daycare centers or local children's centers by using vacuum cleaners. It was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Six types of phthalates were analyzed: Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), Di-N-octyl phthalate (DNOP), Diisononyl phthalate (DINP), Di -isodecyl phthalate (DIDP). Results: The medians of DEHP concentrations were 1,028 and 1,937 mg/kg in homes and daycare centers, respectively. The median and maximum values of daily intake were calculated by applying the median and 95th percentile values (the upper 5% of the total concentration) in dust measured in the homes. The DEHP median value was 1.6 ㎍/kg/bw/day, and a maximum A value of 7.8 ㎍/kg/bw/day was calculated. When the childcare center values were applied, the median daily intake of DEHP was 3.1 ㎍/kg/bw/day and the maximum value was 29.2 ㎍/kg/bw/day. As a result of calculating the daily intake by integrating the values of home and childcare facilities, the median and maximum values of daily intake were 1.9 and 10.9 ㎍/kg/bw/day, respectively. Conclusions: This study derives phthalate concentrations among the floor dust in homes and childcare facilities where children mainly spend time, and suggests their intake of phthalates through this. In particular, it was newly suggested that the phthalate concentrations in homes and childcare facilities are different, resulting in differences in intake.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.113-126
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• 2005

The purposes of this study were to classify purchaser into three groups by purchasing price for preschool children's wear and to identify the differences of clothing values, lifestyles, considerations in purchasing preschool children's wears, and purchasing places among the classified three groups. One hundred forty people living in Seoul with children aging between 3 and 7 were surveyed for this study. Cluster analysis, frequency analysis, chi-square analysis, ANOVA, and scheffe test were used to analyze the data. The findings of this study were as follows; 1) Purchaser were classified into three groups, namely the group of high purchasing price(HP), the group of medium purchasing price(MP), and the low purchasing price(LP). The HP had more monthly average income than the LP. 2) The HP showed high concerns in aesthetic and social clothing values, the MP considered social clothing value more important, while the LP showed high concern in economic clothing value. 3) Regarding the differences in lifestyles, the HP was more fashion-oriented and leisure-oriented, the MP was fashion-oriented, while the LP was economy-oriented. 4) When purchasing preschool children's wear, the HP showed high concerns in design and brand, the MP in activity, laundry-and-care, and brand, and the LP in activity, laundry-and-care, and price. The HP mainly purchased preschool children's wears in department store and imported goods store, the MP in department store, traditional market, and discount store, and the LP in discount store.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.201-214
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• 2017

Objective: This study is to examine the associations between fathers' values and future expectations on children and their self-evaluated equivalence to their spouses in child rearing practices. Methods: The data were from 997 fathers with young children who participated in the Panel Study of Korean Children (2013). The associations between variables were analyzed with frequency, correlations and hierarchical analysis using SPSS 20 Program. Results: Fathers with emotional values on children or future expectations focused on their children's happiness and altruism are more willing to share child raring practices with their partners. In contrast, fathers with expectation focused on future financial success of their children are less willing to share parenting with their partners. Conclusion/Implications: Fathers' values and future expectations for their children are meaningful predictors of shared parenting in married couples with young children. However, the directions of associations differ based on which types of values and future exportations fathers have regarding their children.