• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.241-249
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cervical stretching program on neck pain, fatigue and range of motion caused by overuse of smartphone. Methods: We treated stretching program to measure the pain, fatigue, and range of motion of the neck before and after cervical stretching program for experiment group (n=25), control group(n=27) nursing college students using the smartphone. The general characteristics of the subjects and the range of neck pain, fatigue, and cervical range of motion were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results of the cervical stretching program for neck pain, fatigue, and range of motion of the neck were analyzed using independent t-test. Results: After cervical stretching program, the pain of the neck(t=2.86, p=.006), fatigue(t=5.44, p<.001). flexion(t=-2.10, p=.041), extension(t=-2.84, p=.006), right lateral flexion(t=-2.4, p=.047), left lateral flexion(t=-2.05, p=0.46) and right rotation(t=-4.48, p<.001), left rotation(t=-3.38, p=.001) range of rotation were improved. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that a cervical stretching program can be used as an effective intervention for health problems in musculoskeletal disorders due to smartphone overuse.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.301-309
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine whether swiss ball exercise combined with taping would improve low back pain, disability and quality of life in women with pregnancy-related Low Back Pain (PR-LBP). Sixteen patients with PR-LBP were recruited and were randomly divided into two groups: taping and swiss ball exercise group (n=8) and taping and stretching group (n=8). The taping and swiss ball exercise group was treated with swiss ball exercise with kinesio taping, while the taping and stretching group received only taping. The taping and swiss ball exercise group performed swiss ball exercise for 30 minutes a day, 5 times a week for 4weeks, while the taping and stretching group conducted stretching exercise for the same amount of time. VAS was used to assess pain level of low back. Disability was measured using a Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire(RMDQ). Quality of life were measured by SF-36. The pain intensity of low back in the taping and swiss ball exercise group improved significantly greater than the taping and stretching group (p<0.05). Significant improvement in the disability was observed in the taping and swiss ball exercise group compared to the taping and stretching group (p<0.05). The SF 36 in the taping and swiss ball exercise group improved significantly greater than the taping and stretching group (p<0.05). Our findings indicate that swiss ball exercise combined with taping is beneficial and effective to improve low back health and quality of life in women with PR-LBP.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.380-386
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• 2019

Shoulder joint pain is a very common musculoskeletal disorder, in which about 20 percent of adults experience it more than once in their lives. In this study, an objective assessment was made that subacromial space was increased by pectoralis minor stretching exercise, which has a positive effect on impingement syndrome and shoulder pain. Also, This study examined the effects on pectoralis minor length(PML) and acromio-humeral distance(AHD) following pectoralis minor self-stretching exercise in normal adults. In this study, a total of 30 subjects were recruited and randomly divided into a self-stretching exercise group(n=15) and manual stretching exercise group(n=15) to compare the immediate effects of treatment. Studies have shown that both groups have significantly increased both PML and AHD within the group(p<.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the comparison between the groups(p>.05). The results suggest that self-stretching exercise can be recommended as a treatment method for impingement syndrome and prevention of shoulder disease.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.83-92
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• 2017

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the elastic band and stretching exercise program on ankle joint maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and plantar pressure in high-heel wearing women in their 20s. METHODS: Twenty women in their twenties were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n=10) and the control group (n=10). The experimental group (n=10) performed the elastic band exercise program, while the control group (n=10) performed the stretching exercise program. Both exercise programs were performed three times a week for a total of four weeks. The BTE Primus RS was used in order to measure the ankle joint MVIC during dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, and eversion. Maximum pressure ($N/cm^2$), average pressure ($N/cm^2$) were measured using the Pedoscan. SPSS v. 21.0 software was used for all statistical analyses in this study. RESULTS: The measurement of the ankle joint's MVIC revealed that in inversion, a significant change in both feet was seen in both the experimental and control groups. In eversion, there was a significant change in both feet only in the experimental group. In terms of the rest of the results, no significant changes were visible. With regard to the plantar pressure, no significant results were seen for either foot in the comparison between or within the groups. CONCLUSION: Exercise program using elastic band and exercise program using stretching were effective on MVIC of ankle joint muscles, although it had no effect on changes of plantar pressure.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.75 no.2
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• pp.193-209
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• 2020

This paper presents a new hyperbolic shear deformation plate theory including the stretching effect for free vibration of the simply supported functionally graded plates in thermal environments. The theory accounts for parabolic distribution of the transverse shear strains and satisfies the zero traction boundary conditions on the surfaces of the plate without using shear correction factors. This theory has only five unknowns, which is even less than the other shear and normal deformation theories. The present one has a new displacement field which introduces undetermined integral variables. Material properties are assumed to be temperature-dependent, and graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume power laws of the constituents. The equation of motion of the vibrated plate obtained via the classical Hamilton's principle and solved using Navier's steps. The accuracy of the proposed solution is checked by comparing the present results with those available in existing literature. The effects of the temperature field, volume fraction index of functionally graded material, side-to-thickness ratio on free vibration responses of the functionally graded plates are investigated. It can be concluded that the present theory is not only accurate but also simple in predicting the natural frequencies of functionally graded plates with stretching effect in thermal environments.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.115-126
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• 2017

In this paper, size dependent bending and free flexural vibration behaviors of functionally graded (FG) nanobeams are investigated using a nonlocal quasi-3D theory in which both shear deformation and thickness stretching effects are introduced. The nonlocal elastic behavior is described by the differential constitutive model of Eringen, which enables the present model to become effective in the analysis and design of nanostructures. The present theory incorporates the length scale parameter (nonlocal parameter) which can capture the small scale effect, and furthermore accounts for both shear deformation and thickness stretching effects by virtue of a hyperbolic variation of all displacements through the thickness without using shear correction factor. The material properties of FG nanobeams are assumed to vary through the thickness according to a power law. The neutral surface position for such FG nanobeams is determined and the present theory based on exact neutral surface position is employed here. The governing equations are derived using the principal of minimum total potential energy. The effects of nonlocal parameter, aspect ratio and various material compositions on the static and dynamic responses of the FG nanobeam are discussed in detail. A detailed numerical study is carried out to examine the effect of material gradient index, the nonlocal parameter, the beam aspect ratio on the global response of the FG nanobeam. These findings are important in mechanical design considerations of devices that use carbon nanotubes.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2024

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of hamstring eccentric exercise on pain and functional activity in patients with chronic low back pain. Design: Randomized controlled trial Methods: Participants comprised 27 subjects with back pain persisting for 3 months. They were randomly assigned to the experimental group (Eccentric exercise: n=13) and the control group (Stretching: n=14). The experimental group performed gastrocnemius, iliopsoas, and quadratus lumborum stretching along with hamstring eccentric exercise, while the control group engaged in the same stretches along with hamstring stretching. The eccentric exercise for the hamstrings was Nordic curl exercise. Each group practiced for 1 hour a day, 3 times a week, for 4 weeks. Pain, disability index, balance, and hamstring length were measured. Results: Significant differences were observed in the comparison of changes in back pain, back disability index, and hamstring length before and after exercise within each group (p<0.05). The balance ability of the experimental group showed a difference before and after exercise (p<0.05), whereas no significant difference in the control group. There were no significant differences in back pain and hamstring length between the groups. Changes in back disability index and balance ability significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Hamstring eccentric exercise using Nordic curls has a positive effect on back pain, back disability index, balance ability, and hamstring length changes.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.269-282
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• 2018

In this paper, a new displacement field based on quasi-3D hybrid-type higher order shear deformation theory is developed to analyze the static and dynamic response of exponential (E), power-law (P) and sigmoïd (S) functionally graded beams. Novelty of this theory is that involve just three unknowns with including stretching effect, as opposed to four or even greater numbers in other shear and normal deformation theories. It also accounts for a parabolic distribution of the transverse shear stresses across the thickness, and satisfies the zero traction boundary conditions at beams surfaces without introducing a shear correction factor. The beam governing equations and boundary conditions are determined by employing the Hamilton's principle. Navier-type analytical solutions of bending and free vibration analysis are provided for simply supported beams subjected to uniform distribution loads. The effect of the sigmoid, exponent and power-law volume fraction, the thickness stretching and the material length scale parameter on the deflection, stresses and natural frequencies are discussed in tabular and graphical forms. The obtained results are compared with previously published results to verify the performance of this theory. It was clearly shown that this theory is not only accurate and efficient but almost comparable to other higher order shear deformation theories that contain more number of unknowns.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.55-64
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• 2021

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to apply dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS) to subjects with forward head posture (FHP) and to compare its effects on respiratory function as against the conventional neck stabilization exercise and neck stretching and extensor strengthening exercises. METHODS: The whole-body posture measurement system was used to measure the degree of FHP, and a spirometer and a respiratory gas analyzer were used to measure the respiratory function. After the intervention was completed, the changes over time were analyzed in the DNS group, the neck stabilization exercise group, and the neck stretching and extensor strengthening exercise group. The inter-group difference in the changes was also analyzed. A repeated ANOVA was performed to compare the respiratory function according to the period between the three groups, and the least significant difference (LSD) method was used for the post hoc test. RESULTS: After the 6-week exercise period, respiratory functions, such as forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume for 1 second (FEV1), forced expiratory volume for 1 sec/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC), maximum oxygen intake (VO₂max), and the volume of expired gas (VE), significantly improved according to the period (p < .05), but no inter-group differences were found. CONCLUSION: DNS is an effective training method, and can be applied along with neck stabilization exercise and neck stretching and extensor strengthening exercises, which are widely used in clinical practice, to people with FHP who cannot directly perform neck exercises to improve their respiratory function.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.61-73
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• 2018

In this article, a higher shear deformation theory (HSDT) is improved to consider the influence of thickness stretching in functionally graded (FG) plates. The proposed HSDT has fewer numbers of variables and equations of motion than the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), but considers the transverse shear deformation influences without requiring shear correction coefficients. The kinematic of the present improved HSDT is modified by considering undetermined integral terms in in-plane displacements and a parabolic distribution of the vertical displacement within the thickness, and consequently, the thickness stretching influence is taken into account. Analytical solutions of simply supported FG plates are found, and the computed results are compared with 3D solutions and those generated by other HSDTs. Verification examples demonstrate that the developed theory is not only more accurate than the refined plate theory, but also comparable with the HSDTs which use more number of variables.