• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11b
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• pp.489-497
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• 2000

Since Chinese cabbages weigh 3 to 5kgf and are big in size at the time of harvest, handling operations such as harvesting, loading and unloading including transportation require the highest labor demand among all other cultivation processes. Recently, though several cabbage harvesters were developed in Japan and Europe, those harvesters were not suitable for Chinese cabbages cultivated in Korea because of the size and shape. The cabbage harvester is almost meaningless without any proper cabbage piling and pallet unloading mechanism. Most harvesters developed so far adopted a sort of slide and free falling way in collecting cabbages into the pallet. Three or four labors are usually required for cleaning incoming cabbages and loading those in the pallet. Because of the required time for piling cabbages without severe damage and the required space capacity to carry empty and loaded pallets, harvesting speed should be adjusted in accordance with time required for consecutive operations. Up to now, any automatic or semi-automatic collecting device has not been developed in the world to pile cabbages on the layer one by one into the pallet in the ordered way with little damage and to unload pallet from the harvester continuously during the harvest process. To compromise system expenses and function, Semi-automatic cabbage piling and pallet unloading mechanism was devised and it required one labor. The foldable mesh pallet with a size of 1050mm x 1050mm x 1000mm and holding capacity of around 70 cabbages was utilized. The prototype for piling and unloading mechanism was composed of three parts such as feeding device, automatic piling device with retractable bellows, and pallet unloading device. Prior to developing the prototype, the geometric properties and the amount of the damage of the cabbage caused during the piling operation were investigated. Considering the height of the pallet, a series of cabbage carrying plates were mounted to the bracket chain to lift and to carry cabbages to the loading device. Indoor laboratory experiments showed that the cabbage carrying chain conveyor worked successfully. Considering the conveying speed 0.46m/sec of the pull up belt from the cabbages on the ground, the speed of cabbage carrying chain conveyor worked property in the range of 0.26m/sec to 0.36m/sec. The system allowed the operator to modify the position of cabbage slightly. Overall system worked successfully resulting into almost same capacity without severe damage to the cabbage as human did.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2007.04a
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• pp.380-390
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to make a functional Hanji treated with an oriental lacquer which has various functionalities. The raw oriental lacquer produced in China was used in this study This lacquer was diluted with ethanol and terpene in different solvent ratios. The diluted lacquer in the solvents had two layers. The upper layer was solvent soluble and the lower contained precipitates. Hanji was treated with the solvent solubles and the mixture containing precipitates, and then properties of the Hanji were evaluated. The oriental lacquer consisted of 25.04% of water, 60% of urushiol, 3.13% of nitrogen-containing compounds, and 5.66% of gum. The pH of oriental lacquer was 5.3 and the viscosity was 1680 cP. The average weight, thickness, and density of Hanji treated with oriental lacquer tended to gradually decreased as the lower concentration of lacquer was used and as the solvent soluble was treated. Tensile strength of the treated Hanji decreased when the diluted lacquer was used and Hanji treated with terpene dilutes at the ratio of lacquer to solvent of 1:5 (v/v) showed higher tensile strength than ones treated with ethanol dilutes. The folding endurance decreased as the less concentrated lacquer was used and the highest value was obtained when 1:40 (v/v) of lacquer to solvent ratio in both ethanol and terpene mixture. Absorption ratio was higher in the Hanji treated with ethanol mixture, treated with the lacquer in higher concentration, and treated with ethanol mixture. Hanji treated with ethanol dilutes at 1:20 (v/v) and the lower ratio of lacquer to solvent showed a hydrophobic property. Amount of the bound dye materials tended to be decreasing as the concentration of lacquer becomes lower and it was higher in Hanji treated with ethanol mixture than with terpene mixture. Color of Hanji treated with the solvent diluted mixture was Y to YR-type, whereas that of Hanji treated with raw oriental lacquer was Y-type, terpene

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.612-620
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• 2021

To increase the utilization of Centella asiatica (CA), enzymes such as cellulase and pectinase were added and the physicochemical properties of the treated CA were analyzed. In addition, apple-CA jam was prepared using the enzyme-treated CA, which had the best antioxidant properties, and the physicochemical and sensory qualities of the jam were measured. There was a high content of ascorbic acid, polyphenols, flavonoids, reducing sugar, amino acid, minerals and DPPH radical scavenging activity in the enzyme-treated group. The antioxidant component and activity in the jam prepared by adding enzyme-treated CA increased with an increase in the amount of enzyme-treated CA. In the soluble solids, the higher the amount of enzyme-treated CA, the higher the value, but there was no significant difference in pH. The sensory evaluation of the jam, in particular the taste, showed that the highest preference was observed when the enzyme-treated CA was added in the range of 5.0~6.7%, and the control group showed the lowest preference. There was no significant difference in flavor and spreadability among the treatment groups, however, the control group showed the highest color preference. In the overall acceptability, when 5.0% of enzyme-treated CA was added, the highest acceptability was shown.

• Atmosphere
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.183-197
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to summarize tropical cyclone activity in 2007. 24 tropical cyclones of tropical storm (TS) intensity or higher formed in the western North Pacific and the South China Sea in 2007. The total number is less than the thirty-year (1971~2000) average frequency of 26.7. Out of twenty four tropical cyclones, 14 TCs reached typhoon (TY) intensity, while the rest 10 only reached severe tropical storm (STS) and tropical storm (TS) intensity - four STS and six TS storms. The tropical cyclone season in 2007 began in April with the formation of KONG-REY (0701). From April to May, two TCs formed in the western North Pacific in response to enhanced convective activity there. From June to July, convective activity turned inactive over the sea around the Philippines and in the South China Sea, and the subtropical high was weak over the south of Japan. MAN-YI (0704) and USAGI (0705) moved northwestward and hit Japan, bringing serious damage to the country. After August, convective activity became enhanced over the sea east of the Philippines, and the subtropical high turned strong over the sea south of Japan. Many TCs, which formed over the sea east of the Philippines and in the South China Sea, moved westward and hit China and Vietnam. PABUK (0706), WUTIP (0707), SEPAT (0708), WIPHA (0712), LEKIMA (0714) and KROSA (0715) brought serious damage to some countries including China, the Philippines and Vietnam. On the other hand, FITOW (0709) and NARI (0711) moved northward, bringing serious damage to Japan and Korea. After HAIYAN (0716), all four TCs except FAXAI (0720) formed over the sea east of $140^{\circ}E$. Three typhoons among them affected Republic of Korea, MAN-YI (0704), USAGI (0705) and NARI (0711). Particularly, NARI (0711) moved northward and made landfall at Goheng Peninsula ($34.5^{\circ}N$, $127.4^{\circ}E$) in 1815 KST 16 September. Due to $11^{th}$ typhoon NARI, strong wind and record-breaking rainfall amount was observed in Jeju Island. It was reported that the daily precipitation was 420.0 mm at Jeju city, Jeju Island on 16 September the highest daily rainfall since Jeju began keeping records in 1927. This typhoon hit the southern part of the Korean peninsula and Jeju Island. 18 people lost their lives, 14,170 people were evacuated and US$ 1.6 billion property damage was occurred.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.903-910
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• 2007

In order to make acquire a potential use for Opuntia humifusa as a natural functional food material, this study was performed to determine the quality properties of Jeung-pyun made with added Opuntia humifusa, or prickly pear powder. According to an analysis of its major components, we found that the prickly pear powder consisteds of nitrogen-free extracts (71.85%) and crude fiber (11.20%). Greater additions of prickly pear powder had resulted in significantly lower pH in the of Jeung-pyun. According to measurements on the degree of Jeung-pyun gelatinization, by means of ${\beta}$-amylase, greater additions of prickly pear powder led to the higher levels of isolated maltose, indicating that the gelatinization degree of the Jeung-pyun became higher. Also, samples with higher concentrations of prickly pear powder had a tendency toward lower water content, which allowed us to expect a longer storage duration for the Jeung-pyun. In the textural property tests the Jeung-pyun that had less hardness and greater adhesiveness (p<0.05) than the control group as the content of prickly pear powder became higher. Also, the Jeung-pyunhad lower gumminess and chewiness than the control group as the content of prickly pear powder became higher. Therefore, it is possible to prepare relatively soft Jeung-pyun using prickly pear powder. For the color differences of the Jeung-pyun samples, lower L- values, and higher a- and b -values (p<0.05) presented as the addition level of prickly pear powder became higher. According to SEM observations of the Jeung-pyun, the added prickly pear powder addition groups generally showed a smaller and more inconsistent pore size, but higher porosity, than the control group. According to sensory analyses of the Jeung-pyun, the P2 group scored highest for color item, and the P4 group generated the fermented scent. Higher additions content of prickly pear powder led to the lower score, but higher scores for adhesiveness. Finally, the P2 group achieved the highest score for overall taste.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.227-235
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• 2019

In Korea, various methods are applied to prevent wooden structures from being damaged by termites. However, since there is no way to quickly bring toxic substances in contact with the termites inside the timber, it leads to the damage of wooden cultural property due to the prolonged period of controlling the termites. Accordingly, an indoor evaluation criteria study was conducted for the introduction of powder-type termiticides in Korea, which produced rapid control effects by drilling wood and directly contacting and transferring toxic substances inside the timber. First, contact toxicity and transfer ability of termite dusts were evaluated to establish the criteria for evaluation of effectiveness against Reticulitermes speratus. The contact toxicity confirmed 100% mortality of fipronil, deltamethrin and cyfluthrin termite dusts within 24 h of contact; however, differences occurred in the active ingredient transfer time to the sublethal. In addition, in the case of transfer ability evaluation, the rate of mortality gradually decreased under 1:9 and 1:25 ratio conditions; however, the difference in the reduction rate was identified depending on the type of termite dust. the results of the evaluation of compressive strength of the wood showed that the difference in the measured values between the control group and the conditions of perforation 1 to 3 times, which does not significantly affect the compressive strength of wood. In this study, the criteria of termite dust selection and evaluation method of dust-type termiticides were presented and the applicability of the method was identified.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.505-517
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• 2000

This study was undertaken to provide a drinking water quality on the basis of physicochemical properties. In this study, the 25 samples of supply waters of the Taejon area were sampled twice (February and August in 1999). Hydrochemistry of the supply water belongs to the $Ca^{2＋}$-${HCO_3}^{-1}$ type, whereas the supply water was characterized by the relatively significant enrichment of ${Ca}^{2+}$, ${Na}^{2+}$, ${K}^{2+}$, ${Cl}^{2+}$ ions and heavy metals compared to the original water from the Daecheong lake. Generally, the supply water has a mean values for $10.7^{\circ}C$ of temperature, 6.86 of pH, -12 mV of Eh, 88 ${\mu}S$/cm of EC and 70.379 mg/l of TDS in February, whereas the waters of the same sites in August are a slightly high temperature ($26.1^{\circ}C$), TDS (78.069 mg/l) and extremely high EC (442 ${\mu}S$/cm) value. These values are similar with physicochemical properties of the original lake water depending on the seasonal differences. Results of speciation calculation indicate that potentially toxic ions might exist mainly in the forms of free metal (${Cu}^{2+}$ or ${Zn}^{2+}$) and a small amount of ${CO_3}^{2-}$and ${OH}^{-}$in the supply water. The water seemed to be in equilibrium with kaolinite field of the normal stability diagrams for the natural water. Based on enrichment parameter of the supply water normalized by original lake water composition, the average value of those parameter can be calculated with nearly 1.00, but the those values for Cu＋Zn possible source of decrepit pipe lines are 126.75 in February and 115.63 in August samples. The parameter values varied with sampling sites, however, do not exceed by chemistry of drinking water standard. Solid compounds remained on the membrane filter papers after filtration are adhered to pale yellow or yellowish brown colored dissolved solids and precipitates, which are coated by 0.02 to 0.35 mm thick per 500 ml with colloidal particles of about 1 to 2${\mu}m$ size. The particles are mainly Fe-Cu-Zn compounds and partly detected to Mn and Pb.

• Atmosphere
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.183-198
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to summarize the tropical cyclone (TC) activity of 2008 over the western North Pacific including the verification of the official track and intensity forecast errors of these TCs. The TC activity - frequency, Normalized Typhoon Activity (NTA), and life span - was lower than 58-year (1951-2008) average. 22 tropical cyclones of tropical storm (TS) intensity or higher formed in the western North Pacific and the South China Sea in 2008. The total number is less than 58-year average frequency of 26.4. Out of 22 tropical cyclones, 11 TCs reached typhoon (TY) intensity, while the rest 11 TCs only reached severe tropical storm (STS) and tropical storm (TS) intensity - six STS and five TS storms. One typhoon KALMAEGI (0807) among them affected the Korea peninsula. However, no significant impact - casualty or property damage - was reported. On average of 22 TCs in 2008, the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) official track forecast error for 48 hours was 229 km. There was a big challenge for individual cyclones such as 0806 FENGSHEN and 0817 HIGOS presenting significant forecast error, with both intricate tracks and irregular moving speed. The tropical cyclone season in 2008 began in April with the formation of NEOGURI (0801). In May, four TCs formed in the western North Pacific in response to enhanced convective activity. On the other hand, the TC activity was very weak from June to August. It is found that the unusual anti-cyclonic circulation in the lower level and weak convection near the Philippines are dominant during summertime. The convection and atmospheric circulation in the western North Pacific contributed unfavorable condition for TC activity in the 2008 summertime. The 2008 TC activity has continued the below normal state since mid 1990s which is apparent the decadal variability in TC activity.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.542-547
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• 2015

Since the oil price has been significantly jumped for several years, a heavy oil of low quality has been mainly used in the diesel engine of the merchant ship. Thus, a combustion chamber of the engine has been often exposed to severely corrosive environment more and more because temperature of the exhaust gas of the combustion chamber has been getting higher and higher with increasing of using the heavy oil of low quality. As a result, wear and corrosion of the engine parts such as exhaust valve, piston crown and cylinder head surrounded with combustion chamber are more serious compared to the other parts of the engine. Therefore, an optimum repair welding for these engine parts is very important to prolong their lifetime in a economical point of view. In this study, Inconel 625 filler metal were welded with GTAW method in the cast steel which would be generally used with piston crown material. And the corrosion properties of weld metal, heat affected and base metal zones were investigated using electrochemical methods such as measurement of corrosion potential, anodic polarization curves, cyclic voltammogram and impedance etc. in 35% $H_2SO_4$ solution. The weld metal and base metal zones exhibited the highest and lowest values of hardness respectively. Furthermore, the corrosion current density of the weld metal zone revealed the lowest value, having the highest value of hardness. The corrosive products with red color and local corrosion like as a pitting corrosion were considerably observed at the base metal zone, while these morphologies were not wholly observed in the weld metal zone. In particular, the polarization characteristics such as impedance, polarization curve and cyclic voltammogran associated with corrosion resistance property were well in good agreement with each other. Consequently, it is suggested that the mechanical and corrosion characteristics of the piston crown can be predominantly improved by repair welding method using the Inconel 625 electrode.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.213-218
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the addition of red wine on the physicochemical properties ana sensory score of cooked pork patties. The samples consisted of the pork patty without red wine(control), and 1, 3 and 5% red wine(RWP-1, 3 and 5, respectively). There were no significantly differences in the moisture$(58.1\sim58.7%)$, crude protein$(15.9\sim16.3%)$ crude fat$(23.2\sim23.7%)$, and crude ash$(2.7\sim2.9%)$ contents, and the Hunter's $a^*-value(0.2\sim0.6)$, cooking loss$(16.5\sim19.2%)$, VBN$(11.9\sim15.6mg%)$, total bacterial count($(11.9\sim15.6mg%)$ Log cfu/mL), hardness$(3,193\sim3,336\;dyne/cm^2)$, springiness$(75.8\sim79.7%)$, cohesiveness$(47.8\sim52.1%)$, gumminess$(489\sim509kg)$, chewiness$(183\sim209g)$ and strength $(1,144\sim1,199g)$ between the pork patties. Of the pork patties the $L^*$ value of the control and the b value of RWP-5 were the lowest(p<0.05). The pH and TBARS value of RWP-5 were the lowest of all the pork patties. The flavor of RWP-5 was superior to that of the other pork patties, and the taste, texture, juiciness and palatability of RWP-3 and RWP-5 were superior to those of the control and RWP-1. In conclusion, the addition of 5% red wine was most suitable for enhancing the physicochemical properties and sensory score of pork patties.