• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.76-82
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• 2004

Pine needles are known as a traditional medicine and their ingestion has been shown to be beneficial to human beings. Following induction of the neoplastic process in rats by azoxymethane (AOM), we determined the effects of pine needle supplementation on colon carcinogenesis and on antioxidant systems in the blood and liver. Five week old male Fisher 344 rats were injected with AOM (15 mg/kg) once a week for two weeks. After the second injection, 18 rats were randomly assigned into two groups and were fed a casein-based high-fat diet (120 g fat and 1 g cholesterol/kg diet) with or without pine needle powder (10%w/w). After 6 weeks, rats receiving pine needle powder showed a 40% lower incidence of the number of colonic preneoplastic lesions (aberrant crypts) and a 52% lower incidence of aberrant crypt foci (p<0.01). A significantly elevated level of erythrocyte catalase activity was observed in the pine needle supplemented group (17.4$\pm$1.1 vs. 24.5$\pm$1.5, p<0.01). Pine needle supplementation also increased liver glutathione peroxidase activity (7.5$\pm$0.6 vs. 14.6$\pm$0.6, p<0.01). Other antioxidant parameters such as erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase, liver catalase activity, and plasma total antioxidant potential (TRAP), showed no statistical differences between the two groups. Our data demonstrate that pine needle supplementation improves the antioxidant system and suppresses the formation of colonic preneoplastic lesions in AOM-treated rats. This result provides additional insights into the chemo-preventative properties of pine needles.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.53-66
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• 1987

Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et. Z.) and pitch pine(Pinus rigida Mill) $5{\times}10cm$ dimension lumber were dried in a kiln providing a cross-circulation velocity of 5 m/sec at dry-and wet-bulb temperatures of 116 and $71^{\circ}C$, followed by 3 hours at 91 and $85^{\circ}C$. Compared to dimension lumber dried lumber were as follows. 1. To dry to 10 percent moisture content, the high-temperatures schedule of Korean red pine and pitch pine lumber took less than one seventh the time required by the conventional kiln drying schedule. 2. High-temperature drying rate and conventional drying rate to 10 percent moisture content of Korean red pine lumber were 2.75 and 0.35%/hr, and those of pitch pine lumber were 3.38 and 0.46%/hr respectively. 3. Compared to lumber of both species on conventional schedule, moisture gradient of high-temperature lumber was greater. 4. Compared to lumber on conventional schedule, maximum surface checking of high-temperature lumber of both species was severer, and maximum end checking of high-temperature lumber of both species was similar to that of lumber on conventional schedule. 5. Compard to lumber on conventional schedule, Korean red pine lumber dried at high temperature showed more honeycombing, but pitch pine lumber dried at high-temperature showed significantly slighter honeycombing. 6. Compared to lumber on conventional schedule, the high-temperature lumber showed less warping lumber of both species. 7. Collapse and casehardening of Korean red pine and pitch pine lumber on both scheules were slight.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.317-325
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• 2021

1988년 부산에서 처음 발병된 소나무재선충병(Pine Wilt Disease, PWD)은 우리나라 소나무에 막대한 피해를 주고 있는 심각한 질병이다. 정부에서는 2005년 소나무재선충병 방제특별법을 제정하고 피해지역의 소나무 이동 금지와 방제를 시행하고 있다. 하지만, 기존의 예찰 및 방제방법은 산악지형에서 동시다발적이고 급진적으로 발생하는 소나무재선충병을 줄이기에는 물리적, 경제적 어려움이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 소나무재선충병 감염의심목을 효율적으로 탐지하기 위해 무인항공기를 이용한 영상자료를 바탕으로 딥러닝 객체인식 예찰 방법의 활용가능성을 제시하고자 한다. 소나무재선충병 피해목을 관측하기 위해서 항공촬영을 통해 영상 데이터를 획득하고 정사영상을 제작하였다. 그 결과 198개의 피해목이 확인되었으며, 이를 검증하기 위해서 접근이 불가한 급경사지나 절벽과 같은 곳을 제외하고 현장 조사를 진행하여 84개의 피해목을 확인할 수 있었다. 검증된 데이터를 가지고 분할방법인 SegNet과 검출방법인 YOLOv2를 이용하여 분석한 결과 성능은 각각 0.57, 0.77로 나타났다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.291-295
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• 2008

Weight loss and nutrient dynamics of oak and pine leaf litter during decomposition were investigated from December 2005 through June 2008 at Mt. Worak National Park as a part of National Long-Term Ecological Research Program in Korea. The decay constant (k) of oak and pine leaf litter were 0.314 and 0.217, respectively. After 30 months decomposition, remaining weight of oak and pine leaf litter was 45.5% and 58.1%, respectively. Initial C/N ratio of oak and pine leaf litter was 53.4 and 153.0, respectively. Carbon % of initial oak and pine leaf litter was similar with each other; however, nitrogen content of initial oak leaf litter (0.85%) was greater than that of initial pine leaf litter (0.33%). N and P concentration in both decomposing leaf litter increased significantly during decomposition. There was no net N and P mineralization period in decomposing pine leaf litter. K, Ca and Mg concentration in both decomposing leaf litter showed different pattern with those of N and P. After 30 months decomposition, remaining nutrients in oak and pine leaf litter were 97.7 and 216.2% for N, 123.2 and 216.5% for P, 39.3 and 44.8% for K, 47.9 and 40.6% for Ca, 30.7 and 51.2% for Mg, respectively.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.33-46
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• 1970

Pinus densiflora stands are common secondary forest communities on infertile soils in Korea. The stands are results of long severe past biotic pressure such as cutting, burning and grazing. These could be regarded as biotic climax in Korea. Because of their prevalent occurrence, relatively simple species and age composition, and their domestic economic importance, study of their distributional patterns may give some basic knowledge for better utilization of land resources in Korea. To detect distributional patterns and interspecific associations ten pine stands, each of which was homogenious with respect to topography and physiognomy, were subjectively selected from pine stands in Kyunggi Province near Seoul in 1969 and were made object of this study. Four contiguous systematic samples of count for trees, shrubs and seedlings from belt transects were collected from homogeneous areas within ten natural pine stands. The belt transect was 64m or 128m in length, and 1m, 2m or 4m in width. Basic units within the transect ranged from 64 to 256. The data from the contiguous transects were analysed in terms of multiple split-plot experiment. Departure from randomness of stem distribution, i.e., pattern, was tested in terms of variance mean ratio. For the detection of association between species, correlation coefficient was calculated for different block sizes. The values of ${\gamma}$ were tested by the usual t-test. Fine trees within one of the stands showed significant regular distribution through out the blocks. Within other eight stands pines were randomly distributed at basic unit with 4$\times$4m, 2$\times$2m, 2$\times$1m and 1$\times$1m. One significantly clumped distribution at basic unit 2$\times$2m, however, was observed from one of the pine stands. These randomly distributed groups were themselves significantly regularly distributed throughout the blocks for four pine stands. For the other four pine stands, in addition to the random distribution at the basie unit(the primary random group), randomly distributed groups with 32m dimension(the secondary random groups) were also observed. Both the primary and the secondary random groups were significantly regularly distributed at the rest of blocks. Pine seedlings were not distributed randomly thoughout the blocks. Within three of the ten stands they were contagiously distributed. Important shrub species underneath pines such as Querus serrata, Q. acutissima, Leapedeza intermedia, Rhododendron Yedoense var. poukhanenae, Juniperus utilis, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum shnwed consistently similar distributional pattern with the pine at each stand. The shrub species pairs; Rhododendron Yedoense var. poukhanenae/Quercus serrata, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum/Lespedeza intermedia were significantly negatively associated from 1m to 4m dimensional block sizes but became significantly positively associated from 8m sized blocks on. On the other hand the shrub species pairs; Lespedeza intermedia/Robinia Pseudoacacia, and Lespedeza bicolor var, japonica/Lespedeza intermedia were also significnalty negatively associated from 1m to 8m sized blocks but became significantly positively associated from 16m sized blocks on. The associational pattern between Rhododendron mucronul tun var. poukhanenae and Lespedeza intermedia was not consistent throughout the stands. In some stands negative associations were observed throughout the blocks except NS 32. From these observatons micro-edaphic variation within the pine stands seems not to be great enough to cause distributinal difference of pine trees within the ten pine stands. Among each species and pine seedings, however, the edaphic variation within the pine stands may be great enought to cause distributional variation.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.58-67
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• 2014

울진산 금강송의 재질특성 조사의 일환으로 기계적 성질을 조사하였다. 종압축강도는 $36.2N/mm^2$로 국산 소나무재와 잣나무재보다 다소 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 수로부터의 거리에 따른 종압축강도는 수에서 60 mm 떨어진 지점에서 최대값을 나타내었다. 휨강도는 $76.5N/mm^2$로 나타났으며, 국산 소나무재와 잣나무재보다 다소 높은 값을 나타내었다. 그리고 수로부터 60 mm 떨어진 지점에서 최대값을 나타내었다. 전단강도는 높은 비중을 나타내었던 수 부근에서 $10.4N/mm^2$로 최대값을 나타내었으며, 80 mm 지점에서 $9.1N/mm^2$로 최소값을 나타내었다. 표면경도는 횡단면이 $43.7N/mm^2$, 방사단면이 $12.0N/mm^2$, 접선단면이 $13.7N/mm^2$으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 비슷한 비중을 나타낸 소나무의 표면경도 값과 유사하다. 금강송의 기계적 성질은 비슷한 비중을 가지는 소나무과 수종인 소나무 및 잣나무와 비슷하였다. 그리고 금강송의 기계적 성질은 평균연륜폭보다 비중에 의해 더욱 큰 영향을 받는다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Composites Research
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.241-246
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• 2017

취성을 가진 섬유강화플라스틱은 충격을 받을 때 충격에너지를 흡수하면서 섬유와 기지재 간 계면에서 탈착 및 박리가 일어난다. 이는 복합재료의 에너지 충격흡수정도의 지표로 삼을 수 있다. 복합재료의 취성을 해결하기 위해 pine과 복합재료의 접착에 대한 연구가 되어 지고 있다. 이번 연구에서는 열처리 된 pine이 탄소섬유강화복합재료와 에폭시 접착제를 이용하여 접착되었다. 최적의 열처리 조건을 확인하기 위해, pine을 160도 및 200도 조건하에 열처리를 하였다. Pine 및 pine/탄소섬유복합재료의 기계적 및 계면물성을 파악하기 위해 인장, 인장중첩전단 및 아이조드 실험을 하였다. 또한, 열처리에 따른 나뭇결간의 결합력을 확인하기 위해 나뭇결 수직방향으로 인장시편 제조 후 파단될 때 탄성파를 음향방출시스템을 이용하여 분석하였다. 160도 조건으로 열처리 했을 때 나무강화 효과로 기계, 계면 및 나뭇결간의 결합력이 좋은 것을 확인하였다. 그러나 과한 열을 주게 되면 열에 약한 헤미셀룰로오스가 분해되면서 잡아주는 인자가 줄어들어 물성이 감소하였다.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2003년도 Proceedings of ACRS 2003 ISRS
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• pp.709-711
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to detect the damaged red pine trees by pine wilt disease using high resolution satellite image of IKONOS Geo. IKONOS images are segmented with eCognition image processing software. A segment based maximum likelihood classification was performed to delineate the pine stand. The pine stands are regarded as a potential damage area. In order to develop a methodology to detect the location of damaged trees from the high resolution satellite image, black and white aerial photographs were used as a simulated image. The developed method based on filtering technique. A local maximum filter was adapted to detect the location of individual tree. This report presents a part of the first year results of an ongoing project.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제100권2호
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• pp.165-171
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• 2011

소나무재선충병 방제법 중 임업적 방제법을 개발하기 위한 일환으로 위생간벌, 간벌, 어린소나무 가꾸기가 소나무재선충병의 제어에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 야외 그물망 케이지에 소나무재선충을 보유한 솔수염하늘소를 방사하였다. 대조구, 위생간벌, 간벌 처리구 모두에서 공시목의 50% 이상이 고사되었으며, 처리구 간에는 유의성이 나타나지 않았다. 그리고 처리구 내 방치한 숲가꾸기 산물이 소나무재선충병을 확산시키는 촉매제로 작용하였다. 어린 소나무림 가꾸기의 경우 산물을 방치한 처리구가 공시목의 고사율이 90% 이상으로 가장 높았으며, 산물을 케이지 밖으로 들어낸 처리구와 숲가꾸기를 하지 않고 솔수염하늘소의 성충을 방사한 처리구에서는 10% 내외의 고사율을 나타내었다. 솔수염하늘소 우화 당년도인 4월에 위생간벌, 간벌을 실행한 장령목의 벌근에서는 솔수염하늘소의 유충이 출현하지 않았으나, 솔수염하늘소의 우화 당년도인 5월에 숲가꾸기 한 어린나무의 벌근에서는 유충이 출현하였다. 본 실험 결과, 장령 소나무림과 어린소나무림 내에 소나무재선충병이 만연하고 있는 임분의 경우 솔수염하늘소의 우화 당년도인 4월과 5월에 실행한 숲가꾸기는 소나무재선충병의 제어에 아무런 효과가 없었으며 방치한 숲가꾸기 산물은 오히려 소나무 재선충병을 확산시키는 촉매제로 작용하였다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.661-669
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• 2002

The objectives of this study was to investigate the sensory and quality characteristics of Solsulgi made from rice flour and glutinous rice flour containing 1, 2, or 3% of pine leaves powder. The results of sensory evaluation showed that Solsulgi containing 1% pine leaves powder had high overall acceptability, chewiness and sweetness preference. In the results of textural analysis, the hardness was decreased by adding pine leaves powder. Hunter color L-value of Solsulgi decreased by increasing the level of pine leaves powder. The more pine leaves powder was added, the a-value and b-value of Solsulei were decreased. The moisture content was higher in Solsulgi with sugar than honey and oligo-saccharide.