• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.79-84
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• 1998

The study result on the domestic waste occurrence and admistration condition of Iksan City as follows ; 1. The year of 1995 has observed a radically decreasing ratio of per capita waste generation compared to the previous year by 26.2%, owing to the publication of the new amendment of volume based charge as well as to the rural population included through the merger of Iksan City and Iksan Country ; the daily quantity of domestic waste for Iksan residents in 1997 was calculated to be $0.66kg/capita{\cdot}day$. 2. Waste generation in nonresidential areas were $8.04kg/capita{\cdot}day$ in average ; the quantity per capita in market places was observed to generate the largest, $36.76kg/capita{\cdot}day$, while that of services was the smallest $0.25kg/capita{\cdot}day$. 3. The average generation per capita of household waste was $0.23kg/capita{\cdot}day$ in the area which has no volume based charge system. This area showed no difference from those of other areas ; the apparent density of the waste recorded the lowest $0.llkg/{\ell}$ for District Offices, while the highest among the classified fields was $0.40kg/{\ell}$ of the Fire Station. 4. Iksan City showed great contribution by decreasing the absolute quantity of waste for landfill by waste classfication, according to the days of the week and reutilizing recyclable waste since August, 1997. 5. Location of a landfill site for disposal of nonrecyclable waste will cause a serious problem to the community and it will be highly recommendable to have governmental support and professtional consultation as well as open discussions, such as hearings, for the settlement of the problem.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.39-49
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• 2022

In this study, data on traffic volume and weight of small trucks were collected from three National Highways to identify the overload status of small trucks excluded from domestic overloaded vehicle enforcement. These data were classified according to the vehicle type, day of the week, and time of day to analyze the overload distributions by the vehicle total weight. From the analysis results by vehicle type, on average, the overload ratios for trucks of 1.5 tons or less, 2.5 tons or less, 3.5 tons or less were 6.2%, 31.7%, and 13.7%, respectively. In addition, for the same vehicle model, there was a difference by collection point, and the smaller the total weight of the small truck, the higher the overload ratio. From the results according to the day of the week, there was no tendency for the overload ratio to appear high on a specific day, but there was a predictable occurrence pattern at each site. In addition, from the results by the time of day, the overload ratio was the highest on average after lunch (13:00-15:59) at all sites.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.291-297
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• 2017

This study was performed to investigate the dose-response relationship between average daily cadmium dose (ADCD) from rice and the occurrence of urinary cadmium (U-Cd) in individuals eating that rice. This was a retrospective cohort designed to compare populations from two areas with different levels of cadmium contamination. Five-hundred and sixty-seven participants aged 18 years or older were interviewed to estimate their rice intake, and were assessed for U-Cd. The sources of consumed rice were sampled for cadmium measurement, from which the ADCD was estimated. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the association between ADCD and U-Cd (cut-off point at $2{\mu}g/g$ creatinine), and a correlation between them was established. The lowest estimate was $ADCD=0.5{\mu}g/kg\;bw/day$ [odds ratio (OR) = 1.71; with a 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-2.87]. For comparison, the relationship in the contaminated area is expressed by $ADCD=0.7{\mu}g/kg\;bw/day$, OR = 1.84; [95 % CI, 1.06-3.19], while no relationship was found in the non-contaminated area, meaning that the highest level at which this relationship does not exist is $ADCD=0.6{\mu}g/kg\;bw/day$ [95% CI, 0.99-2.95]. Rice, as a main staple food, is the most likely source of dietary cadmium. Abstaining from or limiting rice consumption, therefore, will increase the likelihood of maintaining U-Cd within the normal range. As the recommended maximum ADCD is not to exceed $0.6{\mu}g/kg\;bw/day$, the consumption of rice grown in cadmium-contaminated areas should not be more than 246.8 g/day. However, the exclusion of many edible plants grown in the contaminated area from the analysis might result in an estimated ADCD that does not reflect the true level of cadmium exposure among local people.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 2010

This study was conducted to compare the aspects of behavior between miniature pigs and conventional sows during gestation and lactation periods. Miniature pigs and conventional sows at 3 parity were used in this experiment with 4 pigs per treatment. The behavioral patterns and stereotyped behaviors were observed on day 60 and 90 of gestation, at farrowing, and on day 10 of lactation before and after the feeding. On 60 and 90 days of pregnancy, both treatments showed the tendency of frequent lateral lying rather than other postures. On ventral lying, eating and drinking, miniature pigs spent more time than conventional pigs at day 90 of gestation (P<0.01, P=0.0539, P<0.05, respectively). The occurrence of stereotyped behaviors included bar biting and bar mouth chewing. At 90 day of pregnancy was observed, conventional pigs was higher than miniature pigs (P<0.05). At farrowing, miniature pigs spent more time on ventral lying, standing and walking than conventional sows (P<0.05), however, there were more frequency of drinking and eating. And on day 10 of lactation, there was no significant difference in stereotyped behaviors between miniature pigs and conventional sows. In conclusion, miniature pigs were generally more sensitive than conventional sows although sows were reared in stall during gestation and lactation period and the behavioral pattern during lactating period showed the similarity between miniature pigs and conventional sows for protection of nursing pigs. In consideration of the general reproductive performance of conventional sows, the high sensitivity and stress of miniature pigs did not affect the reproductive performance of miniature pigs.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.36-41
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• 1994

The major objective of this study is to develop a method of zone cooling during summer day using heat pump for year- round cultivation. The efficiency of cold water cooling and fog cooling was investigated. In order to prevent the occurrence of blossom - end rot in tomato, cooling was induced together with air flow of the fruit treatment as well as promoting air circulation in the plant treatment was induced. The following results were obtained : 1) The temperature in the cold water cooling district was 1$0^{\circ}C$ lower than greenhouse temperature and the temperature in the fo8 cooling district was about 5$^{\circ}C$ lower than the greenhouse. 2) Regardless of cooling method, the treatment of air flow on fruit did not affect the fruit but prevent blossom-end rot. There was 34.5% occurrence rate of blossom -end rot in non-air flow district of cold water cooling 54.5% in non-air flow district of fog cooling and 78% in fog circulation cooling district. The cooling efficiency using cold water cooling method induced enough cooling at critical temperature for growth and development and the occurrence of blossom -end rot was lower than fog cooling. Fog cooling in culture district with air circulation did not induce and difference in temperature but caused an Increase in humidity resulting in 24% increase in the occurrence of blossom-end rot. Thus the occurrence of blossom-end rot in tomato caused by environmental factors can be attributed more to humidity than to temperature.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.289-297
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of back pain and the variables related to back pain in physiotherapists. In order to investigate the variables related to the incidence of back pain, The results were as follows : 1. Physical therapists' low back pain occurrence possibility appeared by whole 55.0% by male 11.0% and female 44.0%. 2. A day by people's work environmental special quality with low back pain treat morbidity to 31~40 people 40.0%, office hours per week by 45~49 hours 49.1%, a day stand-up tome be less than 5~7 hours 36.4% and appeared the highest. 3. Case that respond "Do dissatisfaction" to profession which is physical therapists' special psychological quality examined by people's 67.0% which low back pain. 4. Cause of low back pain in special active quality to get low back pain is the highest by case 38.2% that respond is "Special cause does not know, it is because for a long time worked to physical-therapy, and the reason that play waist softness gymnastics examined the highest by case 45.4% that respond is "Because present low back pain serves to be or prevents flare-up." According to result of this research, we could Know physical therapists are professionally endanger of getting low back pain. Specially, we could say physical therapists' low back pain occurrence possibility is high because of their having an experience or regarding work environmental special quality such as a day treatment morbidity, office hours per week, stand-up time for a day. There, educational programs need to improve of work environment and prevent the recurrence of low back pain. In this research, we recognized various variables of physical therapists' low back pain occurrence possibility are related to direct causal connection of low back pain occurrence, but we think continuous research should be tired forward in reply.

• Atmosphere
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.361-371
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• 2011

In this study, characteristics and trends of tropical night (TN) are investigated by using the KMA 14 observation data for the recent 50 years (1958-2007) over South Korea. The TN is defined as a day with a daily minimum temperature exceeds the absolute threshold temperature ($25^{\circ}C$), and the relative deviation from normal temperature, 95th percentile of all observed daily minimum temperature. Although the spatial distribution of TN occurrence depends on the choice of the definitions, the frequency of TN shows strong spatial and interannual variations with the minimum at high land area (Chupungnyeong and wet years) and maximum at southern coastal area and large city area (Jeju, Busan, Seoul, Daegu). Most of TN occurs in August (56%) and July (41%), and the duration date of TN is proportional to the frequency of TN without regard to the definition method. In general, increasing trends are found in the TN time series without regard to the analysis method, but the trends are clearly depending on the analysis period and geographic locations. Decreasing trends are prominent during the most of analysis period, especially until the mid of 1990, whereas strong increasing trends are found during recent 30 years (1988-2007), especially at Jeju, Ulsan, Daegu and Pohang. Also the severity of TN is significantly increased in recent years.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.101-111
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of the VKOSPI index on short-term stock returns after a large-scale stock price shock of individual stocks of firms in the distribution industry in Korea. Research design, data, and methodology: This study investigates the effect of the change of the VKOSPI index or investor mood on abnormal returns after the event date from January 2004 to July 2022. The significance of the abnormal return, which is obtained by subtracting the rate of return estimated by the market model from the rate of actual return on each trading day after the event date, is determined based on T-test and multifactor regression analysis. Results: In Korea's distribution industry, the simultaneous occurrence of a bad investor mood and a large stock price decline, leads to stock price reversals. Conversely, the simultaneous occurrence of a good investor mood and a large-scale stock price rise leads to stock price drifts. We found that the VKOSPI index has strong explanatory power for these reversals and drifts even after considering both company-specific and event-specific factors. Conclusions: In Korea's distribution industry-related stock market, investors show an asymmetrical behavioral characteristic of overreacting to negative moods and underreacting to positive moods.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.71-74
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• 2005

Pseudomonas aerusinosa infection was diagnosed in broiler chicks, and was submitted to the National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service in Korea. The total mortality rate was about 1,500 birds out of 22,000 broilers. Clinically, affected birds showed clinical signs including depression and anorexia with lameness and trembling of the leg. At necropsy, the dead broilers appeared to have omphalitis, yolk sac infection, fibrinous epicarditis, and fibrinous exudates in liver with swollen hock joint. Microscopically, there were multiple necrotic foci in the liver, fibrinous exudates in the heart, and infiltration of heterophils into the joint spaces of the hock joint. Pseudomonas aerusinosa was isolated from the heart, liver and hock joint, and the isolate was named P-200. In effort to estimate the virulence of P-200, 1-day-old chicks were challenged intramuscularly and intrayolksacally with the isolate. On the basis of mortality rate, the isolate P-200 was found to be highly virulent. This is the first report of an occurrence of Pseudomonas aerusinosa infection in broilers in Korea.

• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.53-72
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• 2009

More than 24.43 million people received a special pardon to mark the anniversary of Liberation Day on Aug. 15 and to commemorate other national event, during 15years(1995-2009), in this period six times of presidential pardon was implemented. The special pardon allows traffic law violator to drive again with their violation records wiped clean. But traffic records show that traffic accidents used to increase very fast in a short period by up to 3-15 percent after implementing the every massive pardons. This study explores the causal feedback relationship between presidential special pardon for traffic law violators and the occurrence of an traffic accidents using a system thinking approach and simulation modelling. Particularly, this study focused on the analysing significant negative impact of the traffic pardon on the occurrence of worrisome traffic accidents. The results of this study show that presidential special pardon have had impact on the traffic accidents as a increasing leverage of positive feedback loop and the obedience of traffic law as a decreasing leverage of negative feedback loop. Finally, this study conclude that the cyclical increasing pattern of traffic accident is resulting from the periodically conducted presidential pardons with political aims.