• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 1996

Daily measutements of visibility on 09 LST have been made at a rural site in Chong-won, Chong-book since 1991 to find out a possible influence of emissions of anthropogenic pollutants and water vapout in urban and rural environments. Daily visibility data collected over four-year period were compared with the available visibility and air quality data obtainde from other stations. Detailed examinations of our data showed that the frequency of fog occurrence (visibility .leq. 1 km) at a rural site (KNUE) was at least three times higher (77 days per year) than the frequency of fog both in Chong-ju city (19 days) and at the Air Force Base(AFB) in the rural area. We interpret that the higher frequency of fog at KNUE was due to abundant water vapour in the Mieho River (upstream of the Keum River) area. In Chong-ju city, fog usually continued for a relatively long duration, while it dissipated simewhat faster in the rural environment due to higher solar radiation in the countryside area. The number of misty (.leg. 6 km) days (including foggy days) at KNUE were 235 days as compared with 135 days at the AFB and 67 days in Chong-ju city. In turn the number of days with low visibility (less than 6 km) at KNUE was about 64% per year. Since the moisture alone in a calm morning does not produce a visibility impairment, there must had abundant condensation nuclei including anthropogenic air pollutants. Air pollution was examined, for instance, average values of TSP for November and December 1993 were 115 and 116.mu.g/m$^{3}$, respectively. We conclude that the above mentioned environmental conditions with moisture are favourable for the formation of fog and mist in the rural sampling site at KNUE. Additionally, we found at least 10 days of acid fog at KNUE in September 1994 alone. Measured pH values in the acid for water were in the range of 4.36 .sim. 5.01 with the mean value of 4.51 Our observations suggested that strikingly acid fog do occur occasionally even in the rural environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.68-73
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• 2013

This study is to make a protype of forecast guidance for forecasters from analyzing the characteristics of Korea Fog. The trend of Korea fog showed the decline in the number of foggy days and the duration time, the gradient is -1.24days/year under 3 miles and -0.98days/year under 1 mile and -1.64hours/year under 3 miles and -3.18hours/year under 1 mile in duration time in 27 ROKAF base. To find the protype of inland and coastal forecast guidance, Daegu base as a representation of the inland base and Gangneung base as the representation of the coastal base were chosen. For Daegu base, the mixture of relative humidity, sky condition, and the position of high pressure were selected for the forecast guidance. For Gangneung base, pressure pattern, sea surface temperature, sea currents, and 850hPa temperature patterns were selected for the forecast guidance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.336-336
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• 2017

High mortality and slow growth of seedling generally occurred in tray due to cold, foggy weather and severe seedling blight. Mechanical transplanting is hampered, farmers having economic loss. A sustainable method for raising mat type seedling is necessary. Experiments were conducted on disease control and seedling growth in dry seasons. Fungicides treated/untreated seeds were sown 120-130g in each tray containing pulverized fine grain loam/sandy loam soils. Seed covered with a thin layer of soil and irrigated. It was polythene covered (PC) for 72h and then every night along with 2/3 sprinkler irrigation (SI) per day. Untreated seedlings infected 53-93%. Pyraclostrobin, Azoxystrobin and Azoxystrobin+Difeconazole treated seeds/sprayed (72h) seedlings had no disease. Seedling height was 11.7-13.2 cm with compact and thick root mat at 25 days. Seeds treated at 0.2-0.3% (18-20h) showed no disease but severely in untreated seeds in all locations. Seedling height (13.8 cm), leaf age (3.7) and root number (8.5) were better when NPK were applied at 3-4-3 g/tray. Spraying of urea (1%) in addition with MOP, theovit and $ZnSo_4$ at 0.6-0.6-0.2% on 7 and $15^{th}$ days was also effective. PC showed significant growth (29.1-34.5%). Root mat was not good in flooded irrigation (FI). Disease was higher in SI (66.7-97.3%) than FI (0.7-3.7%) in untreated seeds regardless of polythene use. The protocol would be effective for raising mat type seedling in cold environment.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.287-295
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• 2015

This study was conducted to find the suitability site selection for the construction of Saemangeum horticulture complex taking into account cost-effective environmental management by analyzing and comparing meteorological conditions. The study sites were regions around the Saemangeum area in which the development of an industrial complex extending 28,300 ha is planned. We collected meteorological data in 12 candidate sites and established a rating scheme and thematic maps. We selected ten themes by consulting experts using a questionnaire. Selected ten themes is Summer, 20 days max. temp. mean, Winter, 20 days min. temp. mean, Summer, 90 days temp. mean, Winter, 90 days temp. mean, Year-round, max. wind velocity, Year-round, wind velocity mean, Winter, 90 days solar radiation mean, Year-round, number of foggy days, Year-round, 1 day max. rainfall and Spring. 90 days humidity mean. And we set ratio-based weights for the evaluation parameters.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.25-52
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• 2023

The astronomic observatory of Graw Village is located on Mount Dari Lolikan, facing the village. Graw is located in the foothills of Mount Ser-i-Rash, 25 km northeast of Erbil Governorate, Iraq. This study attempts to clarify the foundations of this observatory, its components, as well as the founder and the date of its establishment. The study made efforts to clarify the benefits of this calendar to local residents in their daily lives. The database for this study is based on direct observation of the observatory station. The observation included the recording date and position of sunset and the appearance of stars throughout the year. Observation and documentation for both sunset and stars were performed over several years due to weather conditions since observation was not possible on foggy and rainy days and nights. Each observation took five to ten minutes depending on the clarity of the sky. The observatory consists of a group of stone cones. Each cone was built by stones in a specific location after careful and long observation of the sunset. Efforts were made to observe the disappearance and reappearance of the stars based on the change in the position of the Earth in relation to the sun. Graw's calendar helped to recognize important times of the year, such as the winter and summer forties, which were very important, especially when snow covered the roads, transportation stopped, crops spoiled, and pets stayed in their barn. The most important features of the winter forties are the memories, experiences, and minds of the villagers' ancestors. The forties were associated with the arrival of cold and heavier rain throughout the year, which is consistent with modern science, as the angle at which the Earth rotates increases the number and activity of weather depressions that affect the study area during this period. This observatory has a close connection with the daily life of the villagers, especially in the past centuries. It helped the people of the area in their appointments to carry out their work in the field of agriculture. The observatory was also of great importance in the field of education in the past centuries, especially in traditional religious schools. It also appears from this research that the calendar has ancient roots, which extend back thousands of years, as evidenced by the Ezidis who follow an ancient religion whose roots extend back thousands of years and who fast during both the winter and summer forties annually, with the participation of people in various regions of the world. It is not known who made this astronomic observatory but most of the oral information that has been passed down to us by word of mouth agrees on both Mullah Abdullah Al-Kurdi and Mullah Omar. Likely, this astronomic observatory was built around the late 17^th and early 18^th centuries.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.512-527
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• 2012

Jangdo Island (area $1.54km^2$) located in the western end of Dadohae Haesang National Park has been recognized as an prominent ecoregion possessing high moor and national biodiversity hotspot. In terms of the Z$\ddot{u}$rich-Montpellier School's phytosociology, we investigate the diversity of plant communities on the island and reevaluate the Jangdo wetland designated as Ramsar site. Ten physiognomic types of the Jangdo's vegetation were classified into 22 syntaxa (3 associations, 15 communities and 4 subcommunities). Jangdo wetland was actually denominated as 'eutrophic wetland' by Pharagmitetea and Orizetea rather than 'high moor'. Nevertheless, existence value of the Jangdo wetland is evaluated very high as a stepping stone for migratory birds and even plant dispersions. A new site of the northernmost distribution of Arachniodo-Castanopsietum sieboldii, which is a kind of cold-resistant phytocoenosis among the Camellietea japonicae of the warm-temperate broad-leaved forests, was described. Hosta yingeri-Carpinus turczaninovii var. coreana community and Carex wahuensis var. robusta-Juniperus chinensis var. procumbens community were described specifically as an endemic and an edaphic vegetation type, respectively. The unique Jangdo's vegetation reflects regional environmental conditions such as much higher frequency of frost-free days and the highest number of annual average foggy days in Korea and a well-developed aquifer in the depressed basin formed by differential erosion. We identified that human interventions (pasture, logging, forest fire, cultivation, etc.) has been involved intensively on every vegetation types, even though a rugged and inaccessible topography of the island. Particularly the Jangdo wetland has been recently threatened by fundamental distortion on hydrological system. We request an immediate establishment of the conservation prescription manual.