• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.185-190
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• 2017

Objectives : The research was conducted for the use of HT1 in the shoulder disease through correct acupuncture. Methods : (1) The contents were compared through reviewing literature. (2) The literature was studied in conjunction with the shoulder pathology and anatomical structures. Results : (1) The location of HT1 is described as 'in the axilla, over the axillary artery' in many literature, and the depth of HT1 is as shallow as 1 cm. The WHO standard also follows this. (2) There were many references to 'in the axilla, between the big muscles' in later generations, but there were mixed opinions about the exact muscle names. Based on the acupunctural review and the musculoskeletal study, the big muscles are considered to be 'Pectoralis major' and 'Latissimus dorsi'. (3) Among the muscles constituting the rotator cuff, applying acupuncture on HT1 is essential for 'Subscapularis m.'. Therefore, it is effective to stimulate 'Subscapularis m.' to a depth of 1.5 to 4 cm. Conclusions : The accurate acupoint of HT1 enables various uses of flank, armpit, shoulder and arm diseases as well as cardiopathy. Especially, it helps to treat the muscles through safe and effective acupuncture in shoulder rotator cuff disorder.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.103-110
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• 2012

Objectives : Fire needling has been applied as the treatment for various diseases and been getting much attention from Oriental medicine due to its excellent effectiveness as the results of clinical studies have reported. However, the research findings on the safety of treatment method, materials for the Fire needling needle materials and the possibility of burn injury during the procedure are still insufficient. Methods : A thermo imaging camera was used to confirm the temperature distribution on acupuncture needle and the treatment area during the fire needling therapy. Then the degree of thermal injury was observed by H&E stain and TUNEL assay. In addition, in order to assess the safety of acupuncture materials, we conducted MTT assay using a L6 cell line. Results : The average temperature of the skin surface was observed at $47{\sim}51^{\circ}C$ after classic fire needling and $30^{\circ}C$ after warming fire needling. Warming fire needling therapy does not induce a burn on the tissue and a third degree burn was observed locally in the muscle and skin layers after classic fire needling treatment. This confirms that hwa-acupuncture therapies do not cause major burns. According to the safety assessment test result, no cytotoxicity was detected in the warming fire needling materials. This confirms the safety of the acupuncture materials Conclusions : Various research results on the biological safety of fire needling. Since fire needling therapy induces a burn locally without leaving any scar, and as other results indicate, it is considered a safe treatment method.

• Journal of TMJ Balancing Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.27-30
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• 2013

Diagnostic evaluation methods frequently adopted in Temporomandibular Balancing Medicine (TBM) are briefly reviewed as to their basic concepts and procedures. TBM diagnostic evaluation methods may be classified into direct and indirect ones. Indirect methods are to observe any change in the manifestations with regard to the (1) posture, (2) pain, (3) muscle strength, and (4) stretching. Direct methods are to evaluate through (1) cervical palpation test, (2) restricted cervical rotation test, and (3) lateral cervical tension test. These methods may provide clinicians valuable information on the current yinyang balance and potential therapeutic factors in relation with the temporomandibular joint, a meridian system, and the whole body.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.10 no.1 s.22
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• pp.163-168
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• 2007

Objectives : This study is to report the effect of Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture on two patients suffering from the pain of popliteal part. Methods : We treated the patients with the pain of popliteal part by acupuncture according to meridian(Taeyang and Soyang-Meridian), and we injected 0.1${\sim}$0.2cc of Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture to his pain site. And then we evaluated their pain by VAS(Visual Analog Scale). Results : 1. A combined treatment-Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture and Acupucture- had a very excellent effect on relieving pain of popliteal part originated from trigger point and referred pain of Popliteus or Biceps Femoris. 2. It appears that Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture is very effective against trigger point of muscle and pain site fixed.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.279-285
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to perform a muscle function path analysis of muscle function on myofascial meridians. Method: Seven male students (mean age: $22{\pm}3.46years$; mean mass: $72.71{\pm}8.19kg$; mean height: $174{\pm}4.39cm$) without a history of musculoskeletal system symptoms or injuries were recruited for this study. The measurement muscle of the myofascial line was selected along with the muscle presented in "anatomy trains (Thomas W. Myers. 2014)", and the attachment of the surface EMG (Telemyo 2400T G2, USA) pad was determined according to "EMG analysis (Kim Tae Wan et al., 2013)". The subjects underwent maximum volumetric contraction of their fascia line end muscles three times in lying and standing postures and were subjected to the maximum number of contractions of the myofascial line muscle three times in the lying and standing postures. The sampling rate of the EMG signal was set to 1,000 Hz, and the bandwidth was 20 to 350 Hz. The activity of each muscle was quantitated using the Pearson correlation coefficient, and SPSS 22.0 was used for data analysis. Results: In myofascial meridians, a positive correlation in the myofascial connection and a negative correlation in the mechanical connection were observed. Conclusion: Muscles that show significant contract correlations with one another may be expected to be used as an effective clinical marker in muscle strengthening or relaxation therapy, and rehabilitative training. In this study, the correlation of total myofascial meridians may differ without consideration of functional posture. Future studies need to consider these points.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.59-66
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• 2011

Objectives : This study is aimed to evaluate and objectify the therapeutic effect of moxibustion on muscle fatigue recovery. Methods : To evaluate the therapeutic effect on the muscle fatigue recovery, we compared the fatigue recovery of two groups (non-stimulation group and moxibustion group) by analyzing the EMG and peak torque after strenuous knee exercise of isokinetic contraction. Results : The median frequency (MF) of the moxibustion group was recovered faster than that of the non-stimulation group. However, the peak torques of both groups were not restored until after 20 minutes. Nevertheless, the moxibustion group's peak torque was regained higher than that of the non-stimulation group. Conclusions : We confirmed the therapeutic effect of moxibustion and found that the moxibustion can used as prevention method for musculoskeletal disease.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.125-139
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• 2000

Study of the fourteen meridians that include name of P'ung(風) point. The results were summarized as follows. 1. Pyongp'ung(秉風) is located middle of the supraspinatous fossa(Small intestine Meridian, 手太陽小腸經). we can cute the local area disease and also use to cure the pathway of the Arm greater yang small intestine which is attacked by P'ung(風) disease. 2. Yep'ung(翳風) is located behind the lobule of the auricle, in the depression between the mastoid process and the mandible(Triple Energizer Meridian, 手少陽三焦經). we can cure the local area disease especially hyper yang disease and also use to cure the pathway of the Arm lesser yang triple energizer which is attacked by P'ung(風) and Yo'l(熱) disease. 3. P'ungmun(風門) is located 1.5 chon beside the lower end of the spine of the second thoracic vertebra(Bladder Meridian, 足太陽膀胱經). we can cure the local area disease and also use to cure the pathway of the Leg greater yang bladder which is attacked by P'ung(風) disease. 4. P'ungbu(風府) is located 1 chon above the middle of natural line of the hair at the back of the head, in the depression below the occiptal protuberance(Governor meridian, 督脈). It connects (Liver meridian, 足厥陰肝經) and Yin Link Vessel(陽維脈). we can cure the rigidity and pain in head and nape which is related Yin Link Vessel(陽維脈). 5. P'ungshi(風市) is located on the lateral part of the thigh, 7 hon above the patella(From the greater trochanter to the knee joint is 19 chon, Gallbladder Meridian (足少陽膽經). we can cure the local area disease(leg, knee, etc). 6. P'ungji(風池) is located Below the occipital bone, in the depression on the outer part of the trapezius muscle(Gallbladder Meridian, 足少陽膽經) on a level with P'ungbu(風府) (Governor vessel, 督脈). we can cure the local area disease and also use to cure the pathway of the Leg lesser yang gall bladder which is attacked by P'ung(風) disease.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.101-121
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• 2000

The purpose of this morphological studies was to investigate the relation to the meridian, acupoint and nerve. The common locations of the spinal cord and brain projecting to the the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve were observed following injection of transsynaptic neurotropic virus, pseudorabies virus(PRV), into the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve of the rabbit. After survival times of 96 hours following injection of PRV, the thirty rabbits were perfused, and their spinal cord and brain were frozen sectioned($30{\mu}m$). These sections were stained by PRV immunohistochemical staining method, and observed with light microscope. The results were as follows: 1. In spinal cord, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve were founded in thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal segments. Densely labeled areas of each spinal cord segment were founded in lamina V, VII, X, intermediolateral nucleus and dorsal nucleus. 2. In medulla oblongata, The PRV labeled neurons projecting to the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve were founded in the A1 noradrenalin cells/C1 adrenalin cells/caudoventrolateral reticular nucleus, rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus, medullary reticular nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, nucleus tractus solitarius, raphe obscurus nucleus, raphe pallidus nucleus, raphe magnus nucleus, gigantocellular nucleus, lateral paragigantocellular nucleus, principal sensory trigeminal nucleus and spinal trigeminal nucleus. 3. In Pons, PRV labeled neurons were parabrachial nucleus, Kolliker-Fuse nucleus and cochlear nucleus. 4. In midbrain, PRV labeled neurons were founded in central gray matter and substantia nigra. 5. In diencephalon, PRV labeled neurons were founded in lateral hypothalamic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. 6. In cerebral cortex, PRV labeled neuron were founded in hind limb area.This results suggest that PRV labeled common areas of the spinal cord projecting to the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve may be first-order neurons related to the somatic sensory, viscero-somatic sensory and symapathetic preganglionic neurons, and PRV labeled common area of the brain may be first, second and third-order neurons response to the movement of smooth muscle in gallbladder and blood vessels.These PRV labeled neurons may be central autonomic center related to the integration and modulation of reflex control linked to the sensory system monitoring the internal environment, including both visceral sensation and various chemical and physical qualities of the bloodstream. The present morphological results provide that gallbladder meridian and acupoint may be related to the central autonomic pathways.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.113-127
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• 2004

Objectives : The usage of acupuncture has gained popularity as an alternative method of treatment for certain chronic pain conditions. However, the efficacy of acupuncture in various diseases has not been fully established and the underlying mechanism is not clearly understood. In the present study, the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) applied to foot samli$(ST_{36})$ on the carrageenan-induced knee arthritic pain was examined. Methods : A common source of persistent pain in humans is the knee arthritis. Knee arthritis was induced by injection of 2 % carrageenan $50\;{\mu}l$ into the knee joint cavity. When rats developed pain behaviors, EA was applied for 30 min. under enflurane anesthesia with repeated train stimuli at the intensity of 10X of muscle twitch threshold. The weight bearing force of the hind limb was measured for an indicator of pain level after each manipulation. Results : The average weight borne by the hind limb during normal gait was 55% of total body weight, which was reduced to less than 10% after knee arthritis. EA improved the weight bearing of the arthritic hind limb significantly for the duration of 4 hr. EA applied to $ST_{36}$ point produced a significant improvement of stepping force of the arthritic foot lasting for at least 4 h. However, $GB_{31}$ point did not produce any significant increase of weight bearing force. The analgesic effect was specific to the acupuncture point since the analgesic effect on the knee arthritis model could not be mimicked by EA applied to a nearby point, $GB_{31}$. The relations between EA-induced analgesia and endogenous nitric oxide(NO) and inducible NO synthase(iNOS)/neuronal NOS was also examined. Results were turned out that both NO production and nNOS/iNOS protein expression which is increased by arthritis were suppressed by EA stimulation applied to $ST_{36}$ point. Conclusions : The data suggest 1) that EA produces a potent analgesic effect on the rat model of chronic knee arthritis pain in a point specific manner and 2) that EA-induced analgesia modulate endogenous NO through the suppression of nNOS/iNOS protein expression.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.83-92
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this research was to develop the magnetic acupuncture system which used solenoid coil for magnetizing acupuncture needle. The system could generate the meridian electric potential (MEP) similar to the potential by manual acupuncture. Thus, we tried to confirm the therapeutic effect that is caused by the MEP generation. Methods : To confirm the MEP, we stimulated the magnetic acupuncture with at 2Hz, $92.7{\pm}2mT$, PEMFs (Pulsed Electro-Magnetic Fields) at ST37 and measured the evoked potential between ST36 and ST41. Also, we conducted a fatigue recovery test using isokinetic exercise in order to identify the therapeutic effect on musculoskeletal disorders. We chose LR9 as a stimulation point. To observe the state of fatigue, we measured the EMG and analyzed median frequency and peak torque for 20minutes. Results : We observed that MEP which incurred from magnetic acupuncture was higher than he reported MEP induced by manual acupuncture. Moreover, its modes were divided into two types by the direction of magnetic flux. When generating magnetic flux in the direction of acupoint, the positive peak voltage of the MEP was generated. In contrast, negative peak voltage of the MEP was generated whenever meganetic flux generated in the outward direction. As a result of fatigue recovery, the median frequency (MF) of the magnetic acupuncture group were recovered faster than that of the non-stimulation group. However, the peak torques of both groups were not restored until after 20 minutes. Conclusions : We confirmed that the magnetic acupuncture system can lead to the MEP similar to manual acupuncture. Moreover, the MEP had a therapeutic effect on the musculoskeletal disorders.