• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.152-157
• /
• 2018

In the late 19th century and early 20th century, Among those of the Northeast Asia three countries, school physical education and military-style gymnastics of Chosun can be regarded as having been the most nationalistic. The adoption of modern physical education in public schools was from the proclamation of 'the Order on Building the Country through Education by King Gojong in February 1895. This paper intends to examine the process of adopting military-style gymnastics education which played the central role in school physical education in the late Chosun period. But, unlike the common guess that military-style gymnastics in public schools in late Chosun would have been full of patriotism and nationalism, the textbooks and teaching contents of Chosun Military Officers' School were very similar to those of Japan, which is an unexpected fact. Therefore, Chosun decided to accept the Japanese-type military-style gymnastics and military training to improve physical strength of youngsters and military power. The fact that, with the advent of modern education, physical education was emphasized above all else has a very important meaning to the history of Korean physical education. Physical activity education emerged as a major education course which had been unthinkable in previous ages. The second characteristics is that the process of adopting military-style gymnastics and its contents were influenced by Japan Third, even if military-style gymnastics was imported from Japan as part of school physical education course in late Chosun period, its aim was to train military man powers for the independence movement against Japan, rather than to develop harmonious body.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.425-437
• /
• 2013

The aim of this study was to establish the identity of Korean traditional food based on the recorded food preferences during the period of the Chosun Dynasty. Our primary source in this regard was the invaluable, historical document called the "Miam's diary." This important document reveals details of such food preferences from October 1567 to September 1568. By analyzing the income-expenditure trends of virtually every household, this diary was used to describe a vivid traditional food preference of the people during that period. A detailed analysis of the diary reveals the summary of families' characteristics in the 16th century. First, it records the fact that expenditure on food was mainly based on stipend and gifts received. The type of food preferred by the people was diverse in nature; for it included rice, bean, chicken, pheasant, and seafood. However, there were dried or pickled forms too so as to prevent them from undergoing decay. Second, it throws light on the fact that people expended food mainly as a salary for servants. People utilized the income from selling such food items to purchase goods and land. They also used the same either to donate for a funeral or wedding purpose. Third, it records the fact that day-to-day purchase of groceries was mostly based on gift(s) for someone close to them such as a neighbor, colleague, relative, or student. Further, such gifts included small groceries, food items, and clothes. Fourth, based on the data available in the diary, it seemed likely that the gentry families laid emphasis on the customary formalities of a family dating back to as early as the late 16th century. Finally, the document also records the fact that noblemen of the Chosun Dynasty had a notion that they had to extend warmth and affection by presenting generous gifts to their guests at home. Noblemen during that period were very particular in welcoming their guests as they believed that this approach alone would testify their status as noblemen.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.15-27
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study is to analyze the changing process in the Ddeulzip of Jinsung Lee clan family. The subject of this study is clan family of Jinsung Lee in Andong Cultural Area. The period of Chosun Dynasty is divided into largely three parts. The establishment process for Jinsung Lee's family is analyzed during early (15~16C) and mid(17~18C) periods, and changing process is analyzed during mid(19~20C) and late periods. The characteristics of early Chosun Ddeulzip is that it made a foundation to construct a Ddeulzip form. Those of mid Chosun period is in their strong will to preserve their ancestral house which is well manifested through the restoration of Taegye's ancestral house. During the late Chosun period, many of the different styles of Ddeulzip were constructed due to the stable environment of both political and economical status. The residential house of Jinsung Lee family that were centered in Yean area include diverse forms for both high and middle class social status. Jinsung Lee family's Ddeulzip is thus considered to bring about the firm foundation as a clan family representing the Andong cultural area through the development of Ddeulzip.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.67-76
• /
• 2001

The 85 books were compiled into Hyangyakjipseongbang(鄕藥集成方) at the period of the king Sejong(世宗). That books were assembled in the late stage of the Korea dynasty(高麗) and the first stage of the Chosun dynasty(朝鮮). It is a great work on medicine and a textbook of native herbs representating independent medicine of the dynasty of Chosun. The original text was written in technical chinese character terms and this was processed with a newly developed text cognizance program which helped decrease the time and energy needed and increase accuracy. We hope that the ground work and experience gained from this process would be analyzed and used for future in computerized information management for medical classic literature.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.15-26
• /
• 2004

After 19th century of Chosun Dynasty Gilsnagmunja-do such as longevity, good fortune, health, well-being which was explosively prevalent and Hyojemunja-do which was panoramically decorated with eight characters of filial piety, fraternal devotion, loyalty, trust, courtesy, commitment, integrity and humility for enlightment of the public under the name of political ideology are consistency or same origin in traditional concept of Orient. Therefore, in view of Western standard, they are showing an illustration and a photograph of characters in design. There are some differences in way of expressions. They were considerably popular not only in Chosun Dynasty but in China, Japan and Vietnam where belong to the cultural territory of chinese characters. Though, Hyojemunja-do which was built-up in the late period of Chosun Dynasty and developed fro chinese mode is a very peculiar iconography and mode of Chosun Dynasty. Hyojemunja-do is also classified from Chinese Nianhua designed for supply of Conficianism ethics or Folk Painting designed for practical use in chinese cultural territory. In the late period of 19th century, Hyojemunja-do which was re-built with creative modeling has been developed in peculiar mode in the province of Kyunggi, Kangwon(Kwan dong region), Kwanseo region, Jeju island and Namdo region by the diversified level of painters.

• Convergence Security Journal
• /
• v.15 no.6_1
• /
• pp.43-48
• /
• 2015

One of the background reasons of the raise of the voluntary army under the name of justice in 1728, in late Chosun period, was the discontent against the regime at that time. After the King Young-Jo ascended a throne of Chosun dynasty, some people such as Lee In-Jwa and JUNG Hee-Ryang organized rebels and raised a rebellion. At this time of a national crisis, there were people organizing the army of the justice and joining in the battles against the rebels with the royal forces of Chosun dynasty. JUNG Dong-Beum, one of the leaders of voluntary armies of justice, is a good example. For these people playing roles in the army of justice, more follow-up studies should be continued.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.381-399
• /
• 2016

The study presented attempts to analyze and categorize Chosun's food ingredients and culture through a Western perspective based on 32 representative Western documents pertaining to old Korea. Before modernization, Westerners visited Chosun during their visits to old China or Japan. Westerners were most active in Chosun from the open port period to the annexation of Korea to Japan occupation. They were teachers, missionaries, diplomats, and doctors visiting Chosun with personal goals. In 31 book traveler's journal, it records Chosen's mainly produced ingredients, such as grains, spices, fruits, cabbage, chicken, and chestnuts; foods from Chosen include kimchi, soup, and tofu. Foreigners especially liked foods made of eggs and chicken, but they did not enjoy Chosun's lack of sugar and dairy. Thirty-one book foreigners' records describe Chosun's Ondol, kitchen, crock, fermented foods, low dining tables, and chopsticks. Chosun people liked dog meat, unrestrained drinking culture, sungnyung, and tea culture. Foreign documentation on Chosun's food culture allows modern scholars to learn about Chosun people's lifestyles, as if their lives were a vivid picture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.428-455
• /
• 2010

Radish kimchi is a typical side-dish in Korean traditional food and is a way of keeping vegetables for a extended period using fermentation. This study examined the classification, usage, eating history, variety, and recipes of Korean radish kimchi through ancient and modern era literature. The Korean radish kimchi were categorized into six groups: kkakttugi, seokbakji (or nabakkimchi), dongchimi, jjanji, jangachi, and jangkwa. According to the record, the eating history of radish kimchi comes from before the age of the Three Kingdom period. Radish was preserved in salt, vinegar, soybean paste or lees of fermented liquor in the early times. This pickled radish was not supposed to be watery. Radish kimchi was divided into watery kimchi (dongchimi) during the period of United Silla and the Koryo Dynasty. Kimchi was mixed with Chinese cabbage to make seokbakji or nabakkimchi. Up to the early Chosun Dynasty, the key ingredient of kimchi was radish. After the middle of the Chosun Dynasty, kimchi was mixed with red pepper powder, salted fish, soybean sauce, and various ingredients. There were many kinds of radish kimchi during the late Chosun Dynasty. In the 11 Korean recipe books published within the past 100 years, there are nine kinds of kkakttugi, three kinds of seokbakji, four kinds of dongchimi, three kinds of jjanji, nine kinds of jangachi, and five kinds of jangkwa. Kkakttugi (cubed, sliced or julienne radish) was pickled with salt, red pepper powder, garlic, green onion, oyster, sugar, salted fish, and more. Seokbakji and nabakkimchi were not as salty, so they could not be preserved as long. Dongchimi (watery radish kimchi without red pepper powder) was made of radish, water, salt, 18 side ingredients, 13 condiments, and seven garnishes. Jjanji was pickled to be very salty and was eaten during summer. Jangachi can be used as a regular side dish and is made of radish or dried radish slices pickled or seasoned with salt, soy sauce, vinegar, soybean paste, lees of fermented liquor, and spices. Jangkwa is used as a stir-fry method and has been segregated from jangachi relatively recently.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
• /
• v.39
• /
• pp.167-179
• /
• 1998

The objective of this study is to examine the costumes of the period covered in the writings of Shilhak (practical science) scholars and to research the history of costumes and their characteristics by examining how they are worn in genre paintings which are said to describe the actual life of the period. This should be studied in order to correctly establish the history of costumes. To begin with, through the writings of the representative Shilhak scholars who are thought to have affected the changes in ordinary costumes for woman, this study examined how ordinary woman of the period looked in their costumes and how they regarded various costumes they had. Then, how their viewpoints of costumes influenced ordinary costumes was investigated. Not only relics, but what was commonly worn, as they appeared in the genre paintings that contain information about daily living of that period, were researched chronologically. The results of this study showed that the change in ordinary costumes for woman in the late Chosun period was affected by Shilhak scholars who had ideologies of Shilsakusi (use of positive methods in studying), Yiyonghusaeng (the promotion of commerce and industry and the development of techonologies), and Ky ngsech'iyong (pursuit of stability in a rural economy). Moreover, after those changes there were many more changes. However, the criticism of costumes of that time and the will of revolution affected some time, costumes changed directly. The forms of the costumes had been changed in a variety of ways following the tendencies of the times, but the origin of today's hanbok (Korean traditional dress) had already been fixed in the late Choson period. Yet, today's hanbok are for special occasions, not worn as ordinary clothing. Thus, there are several reasons why the hanbok is not suitable for daily life. One of the reasons is that Korean could not cope with the western costumes indepen-dently imported during Japanese occupation in the last period of the Choson Dynasty and con-tinuing the Japanese Colony. Thus, only a part of the ordinary costume of the late Choson period has remained until now.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.91-111
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study is to analyze paejang system of the castle constructions In the late period of Chosun dynasty. Moreover, this study aimed to examine effects and influences of its constructional productivity. The results are as follow; 1. Paejang was originally a sort of military positions. Thereafter it had been adopted to the various fields like soonrapaes. Pae, which was a regular working unit organized with $30{\sim}50$ laborers, took charge of the works allocated with its own chargeable section. 2. The first adoption of paejang system was found at the construction of Ganghwa-oyseong in 1690. Since the period of King Yeongjo and Jeongjo, it was generally used as a working system. 3. Yoo Hyeongwon had early suggested that this system should be adopted as a reformative system because it had a perfect command system like Soko-je, the provincial military system. 4. At the constructions of Dongnae-upseong, Jeonjoo-upseong and Daegoo-upseong in the period of King Yeongjo, paes were organized to $40{\sim}60$units, and worked in the fields of masonry, carnage and picking of stones. 5. At the construction of Soowon-seong in the period of King Jeongjo, a large number of various paejangs participated in all of working fields. Especially masonry-paes were usually organized with over 100 units. 6. It was estimated that paejang system surely could guarantee saving labors and term of works. Moreover, it was a basis for the further development form of dogup-je, a contracted work system. 7. Paejang system was applied in the constructions of Buddhist temples since the middle period of 1700s and later, it was widely used in the constructions of palaces.