• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.580-599
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• 2013

After the unification of Three Kingdoms, Silla Dynasty had been on the prosperity with continuous population growth during approximately 120 years. However, Unified Silla Dynasty experienced 11 times of famine and bad year by frequent droughts during 50 years since the late 8th century, and these caused to political, economic and social changes. It is evident that Silla Dynasty slowly declined by the droughts and famines, although ancient records described as still on glory days. Since then, national power of Unified Silla Dynasty was abruptly weakened by migration of residents, and 9 times of rebellion or revolt occurred during 50 years in the late 9th century. As a result, political and social agitations reached the maximum. These led to the collapse of the Unified Silla Dynasty, and King Gyeongsoon handed over the dynasty to King Wanggeon, a founder of Goryeo Dynasty. These resulted from the 500-year-cycle droughts and human activities that seriously devastated the vegetations by using trees as an energy source for hundreds of thousands people during several centuries. The devastation of vegetation destroyed farm lands and led to large changes in river and groundwater systems, and eventually, increased damages by droughts.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.27-41
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• 2019

This study covered the features and development process of the stylobate of the Sumijwa style, which emerged in Silla around the late 7th century. In the Period of North and South Dynasties, Sumijwa was used as the seat of the Buddha. It was used as a stylobate of tower in the Sui Dynasty and as a stylobate of central buildings in the Tang Dynasty, raising the status of buildings. In the late 7th century, Silla faithfully embodied Buddhist view of the world under its architecture by accepting the latest stylobate of the Sumijwa style. The pagoda of Hwangnyongsa Temple is believed to be the beginning of the stylobate of the Sumijwa style, in Silla. Gradually, in the central buildings within the capital, the stylobate of the Sumijwa style became common. Starting with Bulguksa Temple's Daeungjeon Hall, the materials of stylobate and staircaes will be integrated from the late 8th century. Silla's stylobate of the Sumijwa style can be evaluated as a step-by-step leap in religious, political, technical and aesthetic's terms.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.93-112
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• 1995

The wooden pagoda was first appeared in about late 4th century in Korea. And between the late 6th century and the eary 7th centry, the multistoried wooden pagoda was replaced with the stone pagodas, in order to improve their stability and durability. In Three-kingdom and Unificated-Silla period, there are two types of stone stupas in Korea. The one is Paekche(百濟)style, and the other is Silla(新羅) style stone pagoda. These two styles are basically different in each part like podium, roof stone, body stone, structure and the others. Two types of stupas are distributed in two regions which devided into the East(Silla territory) and West(Paekche territory) in the Korean peninsular. The origin of the Korean stone pagoda can be traced to the Paekche dynasty and Silla dynasty. The former were the result of the careful study of their skillful wooden pagodas, where the latter were actualy originated from copying their sundried brick pagodas with stone. Two important pagodas of the primitive stage are the stone pagoda of Miruksa(彌勒寺) temple in Iksan and Bunhwangsa(芬皇寺) temple in Kyungju. These two pagodas are compared with each other in the style of their construction. Silla style have sharp straight lines and short distance between roof stone and eaves. They give us strong as well as intelletural feeling. Howerever, Paekche style has curved lines and dull angles of cutting area of stone, they give us soft feeling.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.147-163
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• 2013

Gonggeomji, located at the outlet of intermontane basin in the upper reaches of Dong River, is known as being constructed in the late Unified Silla Dynasty. Extensive wetlands were developed before the construction of embankment at Gonggeomji and very compact silty layers were deposited during dry seasons. Paniceae was cultivated on a dry field in the basin during the early Bronze and Iron Ages. Although it is supposed that agricultural activities on a paddy and dry field prevailed during the Three Kingdoms Age, the indicating layer was not found. As the construction of the embankment, Oryza sativa as well as Paniceae were cultivated in the basin at the same time. The climates during the early Bronze are cool and Iron Ages are estimated to be generally warm. From the late Unified Silla Dynasty and middle Goryeo Dynasty when the embankment was constructed, it was still warm, and then, shows alterations between cool and warm conditions. Since the late Goryeo Dynasty, it gradually became cool.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.73-87
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• 2004

In the designing stage, the HANBOK CHIMA is created using a flat pattern with linear shapes. However, when worn, the skirt creates a fluid and organic silhouette. According to the wearing method(wrapping), HANBOK CHIMA can create various shapes and movements. In comparison to the general skirt, It is more effective in revealing the wearer's sense of beauty. The method of wrapping the skirt from the rear is a suitable way of wearing the garment in accord with the Korean ON-DOL(온돌) culture and it creates mystique eroticism. We can devide the silhouettes according to six different period of time. The silhouette of HANBOK CHIMA is affected by the following elements: length, width, pleats, textures and the usage of underwear. [1. Koguryo (5C∼6C) - The first Tent silhouette. 2. The South Dynasty Silla (7C∼8C) - The second Tent silhouette. 3. Kyoryo dynasty (l4C) - Cylinder silhouette. 4. The first Chosun dynasty (late 14C∼17C) - Bell silhouette and Cylinder silhouette. 5. The second Chosun dynasty (mid 18C∼mid 19C) - Bell silhouette and Barrel silhouette. 6. The third Chosun dynasty (late 19C∼the beginning of 20C) - Tent, Cylinder and Bell silhouette.]

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.165-180
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• 2014

Embankment of reservoir Gonggeomji in Sangju has been continuously added since the construction. After approximately 1220 yr BP of late Unified Silla dynasty when the embankment was firstly constructed, there were piled up four times with an interval of approximately 50 years until ca. 980 yr BP of late Goryeo dynasty. The first two times were relatively piled up high, while another two times were made slightly high. After addition of embankment, water level gradually became low and the quality also bad with increase of benthic- and epipitic diatoms than planktonic ones. Shoaling of reservoir was probably resulted from severe vegetation destructions on the small river basins flowing into Gonggeomji. After approximately 980 yr BP, water level rose during approximately 50 years due to precipitation increase.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.85-108
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• 2017

This paper details the advance of the "Hui" (回) people to Korea and their socioeconomic activities in forming their own community during the late Goryeo and early Joseon period. Hui (回) or Hui Hui (回回) is generally recognized as representative of Muslim culture in Chinese and Korean sources. From the $8^{th}$ century, Korean-Muslim cultural relations accelerated as an outcome of ancient Chinese-West Asian commercial transactions along the Silk Road. These contacts between Muslims and Koreans on the Korean peninsula are borne out by references to Korea found in 23 Islamic sources written between the $9^{th}$ and $16^{th}$ centuries by 18 Muslim scholars, including Ibn Khurdadbih, Sulaiman al-Tajir, and Mas'ud1 i. Ibn Khurdadbih was the first Arab who wrote of Muslims' residence in the Unified Silla Kingdom (661-935CE). However, in the period of Silla, we could not find any reliable written documents in Korea to show encounters between Korea and the Muslim world. In the Goryeosa (GS) chronicle, Muslim merchants who came to Korea were described as "Daesik" (大食: Tashi). Daesik (Tashi) is most probably derived from "Tajir", which means "trader" in Muslim language. Muslims' mass influx and their wide ranging influence on Korean society manifested from the late $13^{th}$ century when the Goryeo Dynasty first came under Mongol control and afterward in the early $15^{th}$ century with the new dynasty of Joseon in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.277-286
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• 1978

The history of the women's veil which was used to hide their face in Yi-Dynasty was discussed. The similar fashion of wearing veil was popular in T'ang China as Myok-li and Yoo-Mo, then it might have influenced the fashion of the women's dress of the Silla Dynasty. It was also found out that the custom was most popular in Koryo and then continued to Yi-Dynasty. The confucianism of Yi-Dynasty requested very strict moral obligation toward women that veil had to be worn by them whenever going out. It might not be their popular fashion but obligation. There were several types of veil so called; Neoul(라원) Jangott(장의) Suege-China(쓰개치마) Chun-eue(천의) Sak-kat(삿갓) Chun-mo(천모)etc., which were used as a part of formal dress for women. From the late 1930, when the new society started to accept women's activities, the customs of wearing veil had been vanishing from the women's dress.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.53-66
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• 2021

In the study of Buddhist architecture before the Goryeo Dynasty, the analysis of sectarian viewpoints is one of the effective means. In the study of Buddhist architecture before the Goryeo Dynasty, analyzing from the point of view of a Buddhism sect is one of the effective means. Until now, compared to the importance of the Beopsang school before the Goryeo period in the field of research on the history of Buddhist architecture, research on its temples was the least compared to those of other denominations. In this study, as one of the studies on Beopsang school temples, Geumsansa(金山寺), Beopjusa(法住寺), and Donghwasa(桐華寺), which were built as the Jinpyo's Beopsang school temple in the late 8th century and maintained until the Goryeo Dynasty, were targeted. And I tried a rudimentary analysis on the building composition of those temples from the viewpoint of the beliefs and teachings of Beopsang school. This study is meaningful in that it is the first attempted study in the field of architectural history on the Buddhist temple of the Beopsang school, which led non-Zen sects of Buddhism along with the Hwaeom school until the Goryeo Dynasty.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.59
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• pp.9-32
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• 2015

The purpose of this paper is to study the development process of our native verses from the Three Kingdoms Period to the Goryeo Dynasty. The contents of the discussion can be summarized as follows. Typical form of "Sanega" from the Three Kingdoms Period to the late Silla/ early Goryeo Dynasty is a well organized 3-layered structure representing the contents of enlightenment of a high priest. Sanaega has a poetic style characterized by distinct literary features compared to other native verses in the same era. The reason is that 10-line Hyangga improves its poetic level as it is aware of Chinese poetry. As it enters the Goryeo Dynasty, this literary composition starts to change. In other words, Sanega declines and quatrain emerges in the front of literary history. Unlike the Three Kingdoms Period ~ the late Silla/ early Goryeo Dynasty, development of quatrain results from that native verses enhances the characteristics of song rather than poem in the Goryeo Dynasty. Native verses form the mutually complementary relationship by adjusting the position as the song rather than competing with it as the poem as Chinese poetry becomes more common. In the Goryeo Dynasty, Sanaega declines and Sijo emerges in literary history, because native verses have been developed in the poetic form to freely express general emotion and to be more loved from the public. It is in the same vein as a native verse in the form of quatrain raises its vitality by enhancing the characteristics of the song through the adjustment of its position compared to Chinese poetry.