• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.23-37
• /
• 1996

The purpose of this study was to investigate sex differences in creativity among young children and differences in creativity as a function of the questioning patterns of teachers. The subjects were 4 teachers and 133 five-year-old children (63 boys and 70 girls). The questioning of teachers were categorized into divergent vs. convergent patterns by 3 trained observers. The TTCT (Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking) was administered to the subjects. Creativity scores on fluency, elaboration, originality, and abstractness of titles differed by questioning patterns. Girls' elaboration scores were higher than boys' as a function of teachers' divergent questioning patterns. Boys' abstractness of titles was higher than girls' as a function of teacher's convergent questioning patterns.

• School Mathematics
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.563-580
• /
• 2011

This study is centered on the application of metaphor theory to math education from the cognitive-linguistic view. This study, at first, introduced what metaphor is, and looked into it from the math-educational view. Furthermore, on the basis of that, this study examined the significance of metaphor to math education, and dealt with its relevance to math education, focusing on the functions that metaphor has. This study says that metaphor has the function of explanation, elaboration and representation. In addition, this study examplifies that using metaphor can be an effective math learning strategy for mathematical concept explanation, mathematical connection and mathematical representation learning.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
• /
• v.35 no.3
• /
• pp.305-315
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this paper was to analyze the role of illustrations in elementary textbooks (3~4 grade) of the 2009 revised curriculum of science education in Korea from point of view of aim of science by applying the criteria of 5E inquiry process model for reflecting core aim of the science education. The subjects of the paper was the 105 illustrations in the earth-science domain of elementary science textbooks (3~4 grade) of the 2009 revised curriculum of science education in Korea. The analysis criterion was of two categories, the function of illustration and the role of illustration. the function of illustration was divided into three subcategories such as Exclusiveness type, correspondence type and supplementary type. The role of illustration was divide into five subcategories such as Engagement, Exploration, Explanation, Elaboration and Evaluation. According to results of the illustration analysis are as follows: the result of the function of illustration are exclusiveness type 39, correspondence type 36 and supplementary type 30, the important of point to note is that there are a lot of exclusiveness type considerably. compared with other subjects, this fact indicate character of illustration of the only science textbook. The result of the role of illustration are Engagement 14, exploration 64, explanation 25, elaboration 2 and evaluation 0. This data indicate main role of illustrations in earth-science domain is to help the students to be able to observe and explore. Cross-analysis of the function and role was a significant difference. Role of illustration was evenly distributed within Exclusiveness type on the other hand, the role of illustrations was mainly exploration and explanation in correspondence and supplementary type. Especially, illustration of exploration was mainly correspondence type.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.602-620
• /
• 2013

Many previous research studies on extractive text summarization consider a subset of words in a document as keywords and use a sentence ranking function that ranks sentences based on their similarities with the list of extracted keywords. But the use of key concepts in automatic text summarization task has received less attention in literature on summarization. The proposed work uses key concepts identified from a document for creating a summary of the document. We view single-word or multi-word keyphrases of a document as the important concepts that a document elaborates on. Our work is based on the hypothesis that an extract is an elaboration of the important concepts to some permissible extent and it is controlled by the given summary length restriction. In other words, our method of text summarization chooses a subset of sentences from a document that maximizes the important concepts in the final summary. To allow diverse information in the summary, for each important concept, we select one sentence that is the best possible elaboration of the concept. Accordingly, the most important concept will contribute first to the summary, then to the second best concept, and so on. To prove the effectiveness of our proposed summarization method, we have compared it to some state-of-the art summarization systems and the results show that the proposed method outperforms the existing systems to which it is compared.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.50 no.4
• /
• pp.541-561
• /
• 2014

This paper approaches the issue of seismic vulnerability assessment strategies for facade walls of traditional masonry buildings through the development of a methodology and its subsequent application to over 600 building facades from the old building stock of the historic city centre of Coimbra. Using the post-earthquake damage assessment of masonry buildings in L'Aquila, Italy, an analytical function was developed and calibrated to estimate the mean damage grade for masonry facade walls. Having defined the vulnerability function for facade walls, damage scenarios were calculated and subsequently used in the development of an emergency planning tool and in the elaboration of an access route proposal for the case study of the historic city centre of Coimbra. Finally, the methodology was pre-validated through the comparison of a set of results obtained from its application and also resourcing to a widely accepted mechanical method on the description of the out-of-plane behaviour of facade walls.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.271-283
• /
• 2014

This study takes a look at Polya's analysis on Archimedes' "The Method" from a math-historical perspective. We, based on the elaboration of Polya's analysis, investigate the analytic geometric characteristics of Archimedes' "The Method" and discuss the way of using the characteristics in education of school calculus. So this study brings up the educational need of approach of teaching the definite integral by clearly disclosing the transition from length, area, volume etc into the length as an area function under a curve. And this study suggests the approach of teaching both merit and deficiency of the indivisibles method, and the educational necessity of making students realizing that the strength of analytic geometry lies in overcoming deficiency of the indivisibles method by dealing with the relation of variation and rate of change by means of algebraic expression and graph.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.41 no.5
• /
• pp.345-352
• /
• 2008

The cerebral microvessels possess barrier characteristics which are tightly sealed excluding many toxic substances and protecting neural tissues. The specialized blood-neural barriers as well as the cerebral microvascular barrier are recognized in the retina, inner ear, spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid. Microvascular endothelial cells in the brain closely interact with other components such as astrocytes, pericytes, perivascular microglia and neurons to form functional 'neurovascular unit'. Communication between endothelial cells and other surrounding cells enhances the barrier functions, consequently resulting in maintenance and elaboration of proper brain homeostasis. Furthermore, the disruption of the neurovascular unit is closely involved in cerebrovascular disorders. In this review, we focus on the location and function of these various blood-neural barriers, and the importance of the cell-to-cell communication for development and maintenance of the barrier integrity at the neurovascular unit. We also demonstrate the close relation between the alteration of the blood-neural barriers and cerebrovascular disorders.

• Speech Sciences
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.131-144
• /
• 2007

In an effort to improve the performance of mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC), we investigate the effects of varying the parameters for the filter banks and their associated windows on speech recognition rates. Specifically, the mel and bark scales are combined with various types of filter bank windows. Comparison and evaluation of the suggested methods are performed by two independent ways of speech recognition and the Fisher discriminant objective function. It is shown that the Hanning window based on the bark scale yields 28.1% relative performance improvements over the triangular window with the mel scale in speech recognition error rate. Further work on incorporating PCA and/or LDA would be desirable as a postprocessor to MFCC extraction.

• Journal of Applied Tourism Food and Beverage Management and Research
• /
• v.9
• /
• pp.213-242
• /
• 1998

Even in the best of economic environments, restaurants menu pricing is a serious concern to those in the food service industry. During times of rapid inflation, closer government regulation of compensation practices, and limited gains in worker productivity, the decisions regarding the proper charge for menu items become increasingly important. In addition to many operational and managerial factors, an important ingredient in the food service enterprise's success is its ability to meet the market by providing the value expected. The contribution-margin approach to pricing described above is familiar to cost accountants, who will also recognize that it admits of much elaboration before it can become a tool for day-to-day decisions. But the system probably has the greatest promise for multi-unit companies, where the cost benefit ratio of additional refinements improves in proportion to the number of operations. For example, the analysis required to specify the demand function better becomes less expensive if the findings can be applied to the pricing structure of numerous units. In any of its many adaptations, the essence of the integrated menu pricing system remains its ability to bring together the relevant revenues and costs with the operator's sense of the market and competitive environment to suggest prices that maximize profits.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.22
• /
• pp.329-354
• /
• 2011

This paper aims to probe into the meaning of Ranhou in Mandarin Chinese and to account for discourse functions of it in radio call-in programme. For this purpose, the present study investigates the meaning of Ran and Hou repectively at first and explains the change of meaning of Ranhou, because we assume that Ranhou is compounded by Ran and Hou, and the core meaning is derived from its compounded meaning. Then we examine which time category Ranhou belongs to more based on the concept of time(reference, event, discourse) in Schiffrin(1987), and examine also where it is located within turn. Following this examination, we analysis and explain discourse functions what it is situated. Therethrough, we understand that 1) Ran has 'agreement or confirmation of preceded utterance' therefore has anaphoric meaning, and Hou has 'after' in the meaning cline: back of body-back part-behind-after-retarded(proposed by Heine et al. 1991), so that Ranhou has 'after agreement or confirmation of preceded utterance of mine' and extends to 'on premise preceded utterance or event' furthermore, and therefore can have possibility having various functions; 2) Ranhou has various functions in natural language in spite of the institutional setting. It can indicate (1) temporal relation of events, (2) logic relation of two(or more) events, e.g. causality, elaboration, concession, list, (3) turn maintence, acquisition, management, (4) verbal filler.