• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.107-116
• /
• 2022

The steady state of unsaturated soil takes a long time to achieve. The soil seepage behaviours and hydraulic properties depend highly on the wetting/drying rate. It is observed that the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) is dependent on the wetting/drying rate, which is known as the dynamic effect. The dynamic effect apparently influences the scanning curves and will substantially affect the seepage behavior. However, the previous models commonly ignore the dynamic effect and cannot quantitatively describe the hysteresis scanning loops under dynamic conditions. In this study, a dynamic hysteresis model for SWCC is proposed considering the dynamic change of contact angle and the moving of the contact line. The drying contact angle under dynamic condition is smaller than that under static condition, while the wetting contact angle under dynamic condition is larger than that under static condition. The dynamic contact angle is expressed as a function of the saturation rate according to the Laplace equation. The model is given by a differential equation, in which the slope of the scanning curve is related to the slope of the boundary curve by means of contact angle. Empirical models can simulate the boundary curves. Given the two boundary curves, the scanning curve can be well predicted. In this model, only two parameters are introduced to describe the dynamic effect. They can be easily obtained from the experiment, which facilitates the calibration of the model. The proposed model is verified by the experimental data recorded in the literature and is proved to be more convenient and effective.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전산구조공학회 2000년도 가을 학술발표회논문집
• /
• pp.281-288
• /
• 2000

Three-dimensional dynamic analysis of underground openings subjected to explosive loadings considering the effects of water saturation is carried out in this study. The problem considered in this study is an unlined circular tunnel subjected to a finite cylindrical charge placed at the center of the proposed tunnel. The surrounding rock mass is assumed to be the limestone with 13.5% of porosity. Two calculations are compared using an identical explosive charge; the first in dry rock of 13.5% porosity, the second in the identical rock, but in a fully saturated condition. It is shown that underground openings in saturated porous medium could be significantly more vulnerable to the potential damages associated with high motions and shear failure than those in dry medium.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지반공학회 2010년도 추계 학술발표회
• /
• pp.676-686
• /
• 2010

Damage Cases of variously type are reported that the ground subsidence is caused by the underground cavities at structure and construction works in lime stone or abandoned zone. A underground cavities by direct for zone having an effect on structure have been filled with cement agents. But this measure is urgently needed in materials and work methods, because ground water pollution at water down fillings and flow out, ground disturb at high participle, damage of farms and fishery. The research confirm application of filling method and filling materials of environmentally friendly and economical by Hi-FA new materials have both liquidity and viscosity from case reinforcement in APT site, Gunsan.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전산구조공학회 1997년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
• /
• pp.79-86
• /
• 1997

In this study, pre-postprocessing toolbox is developed to perform elasto-plastic analyze of underground structures with transient ground water flow. This toolbox is composed of three modules. The first is the data input processor for the structural analysis. The preprocessing Is using GUI (Graphic User Interface), which is consist of dialog box, pull down, and short-cut icon, etc. The second is the structural analysis module. The analysis is based on the elasto-plastic finite element method involving additional options such as ground excavation effect, transient ground water flow, and rock bolts behavior. The last is the postprocessing module. The postprocessing is able to verify the result of the structural analysis by the graphical simulation which visualizes the element mesh, the node displacements, the element stress states, the stress contour, the ground water surface, and the rock bolt stresses. Since various options are considered separately in this toolbox, it is easy to modify the module of each processing, and to update other functional modules for the given analysis conditions.

• 화약ㆍ발파
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.29-38
• /
• 2018

국가 산업발달과 경제발전으로 사회 기반시설 및 각종 편의시설 등에 대한 지하 공간 사용이 급격히 증가되면서 터널과 같은 지하공간에 대한 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 지하 공간 발파 시 발생되는 분진저감을 위해 분무 제어 시스템을 개발하였다. 분진저감 효과를 증대시키기 위해 분무 방향을 막장 방향으로 제어할 수 있는 분무 가이더를 고안하였다. AUTODYN 프로그램을 이용한 수치해석을 실시하고 그 결과를 기초실험과 비교하였다. 워터 백 내부 도폭선 위치에 따른 분무 확산효과를 검증하기 위해 중앙장약, 하단장약에 대한 수치해석을 하고 실험을 통해 검증하였다. 최적 조건은 뇌관 외부 기폭과 워터 백 내 도폭선 중앙장약이었으며, 그 결과로 인한 분무 입경은 광산 및 터널에서 발파 후 분진 저감에 적합하였다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.270-276
• /
• 2016

This study analysed overall heat transfer coefficient, heat transmission, and rate of indoor air heating provided by water curtain in order to determine the heat transfer characteristic of double-layered greenhouse equipped with a water curtain system. The air temperatures between the inner and outer layers were determined by the water flow rate and inlet water temperature. Higher water flow rate and inlet water temperature resulted in the increased overall heat transfer coefficient between indoor greenhouse air and water curtain. However, it was found that with higher levels of water flow rate and inlet water temperature, indoor overall heat transfer coefficient was converged about $10W{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}^oC^{-1}$. The low correlation of overall heat transfer coefficient between water curtain and air within double layers was likely because the combination of greenhouse shape, wind speed and outdoor air temperature as well as water curtain affected the heat transfer characteristics. As water flow rate and inlet water temperature increased, the heat transferred into the greenhouse by water curtain also tend to rise. However it was demonstrated that the rate of heat transmission from water curtain into greenhouse with water curtain system using underground water was accounted for 22% to 28% for total heat lost by water curtain. The results of this study which quantify heat transfer coefficient and net heat transfer from water curtain may be a good reference for economical design of water curtain system.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.49-57
• /
• 2008

라이닝 작용수압과 유입량은 지하수 수위 아래 혹은 하 해저터널 설계시 중요하게 고려되어야할 수리요소이다. 이 요소들은 수심, 심도, 수리경계조건의 영향을 받는다. 본 논문에서는 각 설계요소가 라이닝하중과 유입량에 미치는 영향을 수치해석적 도구를 이용하여 살펴보았다. 수심영향해석은 심도 30 m에 건설된 마제형 터널에 대하여 수심과 라이닝/지반 상대투수계수 비를 다양하게 변화시켜 조사하였고, 심도영향 해석은 수심 60 m의 터널에 대하여 심도 및 라이닝/지반 상대투수계수 비를 변화시켜 해석하였다. 해석결과 수리경계조건과 상관없이 수심 및 심도가 증가함에 따라 지반하중이 증가하였다. 이는 배수터널은 침투력의 영향으로, 비배수 터널은 정수압의 영향으로 수두가 증가함에 따라 지반하중이 증가함을 보여준 것이다. 수심, 심도의 증가에 따라 유입량은 선형적으로 증가하였으며, 라이닝/지반 상대투수계수비와 유입량관계는 펼쳐진 S자 곡선(stretched S-curve)형태로 나타남을 확인하였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.175-183
• /
• 1998

비타민 C 고함량의 물김치를 제조하기 위한 방법의 하나로 담금수의 종류를 달리하여 지하수, 1차증류수, 3차 증류수, 생수 및 수돗물의 금속이온(Ca, Mg, Fe, K, Na, Cu) 함량을 분석하였으며, 각각의 물로 열무 물김치를 제조하여 $15^{\circ}C$에서 발효 숙성시키면서 그 담금수가 김치의 숙성지표인 pH와 산도의 변화에 미치는 영향을 밝히고, 총 비타민 C함량, 텍스쳐 및 미생물 균수의 변화를 살펴봄과 동시에 관능검사를 실시한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 각 담금수의 금속이온 함량을 측정한 결과, 전반적으로 3차 증류수가 금속이온 함량이 가장 낮은 반면 수돗물은 금속이온 함량이 가장 높았고, 특히 Cu 이온이 검출되었으며, 지하수의 Ca함량은 다른 담금수에 비해 월등히 높았다. 각 담금수로 제조한 김치국물의 pH와 산도 및 미생물의 변화는 김치시료간에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았고, 열무 줄기로 측정한 텍스쳐는 시료간에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나 담금 3일까지 증가하였다가 그 이후 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 한편, 총 비타민 C 함량은 3차 증류수로 제조한 김치국물의 숙성 적기 총 비타민 C함량이 7.20 mg%로 최고 함량을 나타내었고, 그 다음이 지하수로 제조한 김치로 5.72 mg%를 나타내었으며, 수돗물로 제조한 김치의 총 비타민 C 함량은 3.37 mg%로 가장 낮아 3차 증류수로 제조한 김치의 50%에 불과했다. 또한, 기호도를 조사한 결과, 3차 증류수로 제조한 김치의 기호도가 가장 높았고 그 다음이 생수로 제조한 김치였으며, 지하수로 제조한 김치의 기호도가 가장 낮았다.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.138-154
• /
• 2008

The conventional non-dig underground structure building method which made an appearance to reduce the social and environmental costs and maximize the efficiency of the social overhead capital facilities could not help being uneconomical because of many problems such as unnecessary excessive excavation, water leakage, obstacle interference, difficulty of curvilinear application and connection complexity between propelled and injected bodies due to indiscriminate application of small and large circular steel pipes without consideration of the site conditions. The T.S.T.M, in which a protruded square tube is applied as a propulsion and injection body in a design that considered site conditions such as ground condition, depth of soil and live load, was able to be economical as it solved the problems of water resistance, minimization of obstacle interference and curvilinearity, and we can see that it can be applied to all grounds by utilizing or complementing the target ground in terms of engineering. Also in configuring the transverse section, it is possible to not only secure excellent structural safety but also implement all of the above engineering characteristics not only in the square cross section but also in the arch cross section, so it was possible to build structures on any section or ground, and we could confirm the LCC reduction effect and the VE effect.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제22권5호
• /
• pp.375-384
• /
• 2020

In this study, the application of conventional cubic law to a deep depth condition was experimentally evaluated. Moreover, a modified equation for estimating the rock permeability at a deep depth was suggested using precise hydraulic tests and an effect analysis according to the vertical stress, pore water pressure and fracture roughness. The experimental apparatus which enabled the generation of high pore water pressure (< 10 MPa) and vertical stress (< 20 MPa) was manufactured, and the surface roughness of a cylindrical rock sample was quantitatively analyzed by means of 3D (three-dimensional) laser scanning. Experimental data of the injected pore water pressure and outflow rate obtained through the hydraulic test were applied to the cubic law equation, which was used to estimate the permeability of rock fracture. The rock permeability was estimated under various pressure (vertical stress and pore water pressure) and geometry (roughness) conditions. Finally, an empirical formula was proposed by considering nonlinear flow behavior; the formula can be applied to evaluations of changes of rock permeability levels in deep underground facility such as nuclear waste disposal repository with high vertical stress and pore water pressure levels.