• 제목/요약/키워드: the class 3 Facilities

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서울 초등학교 교실의 PM2.5 및 PM10 제거를 위한 학교용 공기청정기 실증 (Field tests of indoor air cleaners for removal of PM2.5 and PM10 in elementary school's classrooms in Seoul, Korea)

  • 한방우;홍기정;신동호;김학준;김용진;김상복;김상우;황청하;노광철
    • 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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    • 제15권2호
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    • pp.79-90
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    • 2019
  • It is important to control fine particles in children care centers, elementary schools, elderly care facilities and so on where vulnerable children and the aged stay during most of their time. This study has investigated $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ concentrations in two classrooms equipped with an air cleaner and two air cleaners, respectively and they were compared to those in a classroom without an air cleaner as well as those outdoors. Eight air cleaners which have various clean air delivery rates (CADRs) between 9.9 and $21.3m^3/min$ were tested in classrooms in two elementary schools in Seoul. Average $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were $7.3{\pm}0.7$ and $45.5{\pm}4.1{\mu}g/m^3$ in classrooms equipped with an air cleaner and $4.2{\pm}0.6$ and $24.6{\pm}2.5{\mu}g/m^3$ in classrooms with two air cleaners, whereas they were $22.1{\pm}2.6$ and $109.1{\pm}9.6{\mu}g/m^3$ in classrooms without an air cleaner and $36.9{\pm}5.1$ and $74.1{\pm}10.6{\mu}g/m^3$ outdoors, respectively. $PM_{2.5}$ in classrooms could be reduced effectively by using an air cleaner or two air cleaners, because $PM_{2.5}$ was mainly infiltrated from outdoors, however $PM_{10}$ could not because $PM_{10}$ was mainly caused indoors by students' activities. Air cleaners were more effective for removal of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ in classrooms with a high airtightness than those in classrooms with a relatively low one. Average $CO_2$ in classrooms was about 1500 to 2000 ppm for class hours dependent on the student number per a classroom, which was about 1.5 to 2 times higher than the standard, regardless of the use of air cleaner.

요가 프로그램이 초등학생의 학교 스트레스에 미치는 효과 (Effects of a Yoga Program on School Stress of the Elementary School Children)

  • 양미애;안이환
    • 초등상담연구
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    • 제9권2호
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    • pp.175-193
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    • 2010
  • 본 연구는 어린이 요가프로그램이 초등학생의 학교 스트레스에 미치는 효과를 검증하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 B시 M초등학교 3학년의 6개 반 학생 231명 중 10명을 연구의 대상으로 무선 선발하여 8주간, 45분씩 총 16회기의 어린이 요가프로그램을 방과 후에 실시하였다. 프로그램의 처치효과를 측정하기 위하여 문화 기술적 면접법(ethnographic interview)을 사용하였다. 어린이 요가프로그램의 초기에 참여한 아동들을 대상으로 초기면담을 실시하고 면담내용을 영역분석, 분류분석의 과정을 거쳐 초등학생이 지각하는 학교 스트레스의 영역분류표로 작성하였다. 그리고 요가 참여 후기에 이를 토대로 후기면담을 실시하여 학교 스트레스의 변화 정도를 대조하여 성분분석을 함으로써, 어린이 요가프로그램의 효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 자료분석의 과정에서 누락되거나 보완할 내용이 발견되면 추가하는 순환과정을 거쳤다. 문화기술적 면접법을 사용하여 학교 스트레스의 요인을 찾아내고 변화를 확인한 본 연구의 결과, 어린이 요가프로그램은 초등학생의 학교 스트레스를 감소시키는데 상당히 긍정적인 효과가 나타났다. 이러한 연구의 결과를 하위 영역별로 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 초기면담을 통해 초등학생의 학교 스트레스의 영역은 크게 학업 스트레스, 친구관계 스트레스, 교사관계 스트레스, 학교환경 스트레스의 4가지 영역으로 분석되었다. 둘째, 학업 스트레스는 과제, 수업, 시험성적이라는 3가지 하위영역으로 분류되었으며, 이 하위영역은 스트레스 감소의 효과가 작았다. 셋째, 친구관계 스트레스는 괴롭힘, 소외, 역할수행이라는 3가지 하위영역으로 나타났으며 괴롭힘과 소외영역의 스트레스는 감소되었지만 역할수행 스트레스는 상대적으로 효과가 적었다. 넷째, 교사관계 스트레스는 편애, 벌칙, 교수진행이라는 3가지 하위영역으로 분류되었으며 편애와 벌칙에 따른 스트레스는 감소 되었지만 교수진행 스트레스는 상대적으로 효과가 적었다. 다섯째, 학교환경 스트레스는 학교급식, 학교시설이라는 2가지 하위영역으로 구성되어 있었으며, 학교환경 스트레스는 감소되었지만 학교시설 스트레스는 상대적으로 효과가 적게 나타났다. 문화기술적 면접법을 사용한 본 연구의 결과를 통하여 아동의 다양한 스트레스 요인이 밝혀졌으며, 요가 프로그램의 처치 방법에 대한 시사점이 검토되었다.

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북한산국립공원 계획 타당성검토 구역조정의 개발 영향 (Development Impact Based on Area Adjustment of Feasibility Review in Bukhansan National Park Planning)

  • 조우
    • 한국환경생태학회지
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    • 제35권3호
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    • pp.305-312
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    • 2021
  • 본 연구는 제2차 국립공원 구역조정 시기(2010년~2011년) 해제지역의 건축물 조성 등 건축 행위, 공시지가 등 사회·환경적 요인의 변화를(2011년→2021년), 같은 기간 존치지역과 비교하여 개발 영향을 분석하고자 하였다. 해제지역은 2011년 이후 약 16,431m2 당 1개소의 건축물이 조성되었다. 그리고 건축물의 층수, 높이 모두 증가하였고 주요용도는 제2종 근린생활시설이 가장 높은 비중을 차지하는 것으로 분석되었다. 개별공시지가의 해제지역 증가율은 42.3%이었고 존치지역은 38.6% 로 두 지역 모두 상승하였다. 시도별 분석 결과 서울은 해제 및 존치지역 전체 공시지가가 평균 55.2% 상승하였고 경기도는 평균 9.4% 상승하여 서울지역의 공시지가 상승폭이 훨씬 컸다. 국립공원내 사유재산권에 대한 문제는 제2차 국립공원 구역 조정에 의해 해제됨으로써 상당부분 해결되었으나 향후 공원관리청은 용도지구 및 시설계획에 대한 조정 등 합리적 대안을 제시함으로써 토지 소유자들의 편익을 도모할 필요가 있다.

현대 일본 중학교 건축의 계획특성에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Planning Characteristics of Contemporary Japanese Middle School Architecture)

  • 이정우
    • 한국산학기술학회논문지
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    • 제17권3호
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    • pp.668-676
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    • 2016
  • 본 연구는 국내 중학교 건축 계획 시 참조점을 구하기 위해 관련 연구가 부족했던 일본의 중학교 건축을 대상으로 그 계획특성을 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 1990년대 이후 준공된 14개 학교들을 선별해 이들을 대상으로 교육 및 생활공간, 기타 주요 공간 등의 영역별 계획특성을 분석하였다. 분석대상 학교들의 계획특성을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 1) 분석대상 학교들은 학교 운영방식에 따라 교과교실형 학교와 특별교실형 학교로 크게 구분할 수 있는데 이에 따라 가장 기본적인 공간이 되는 교육 및 생활공간의 계획특성에서 차이가 나타난다. 2) 교과교실형 학교는 교과교실, 홈베이스, 미디어 스페이스, 교사공간 등의 요소로 교육 및 생활공간이 구성되며 홈베이스와 교과교실과의 인접여부에 따라 교실 부속형과 독립형의 두 가지 유형으로 크게 구분된다. 3) 특별교실형 학교는 학급교실과 다목적 공간으로 교육 및 생활공간이 구성되는데, 다목적 공간과 학급교실이 직접 연결되어 있는 유형과 분리되어 있는 두 가지 유형으로 구분된다. 4) 특별교실은 지역개방과 과목별 특성을 강조할 수 있는 계획특성이 나타나며 부속 공간들의 연계로 공간의 분화특성이 나타난다. 5) 도서실은 개별실이 아닌 컴퓨터실, 시청각실, 다목적 홀 등과 연계된 복합구성으로 계획되며 벽으로 구획하지 않고 개방적으로 구성하는 경향이 강하다. 6) 체육시설로는 옥내 체육관이 기본적으로 설치되며 이와 함께 무도장, 옥외 수영장 등의 설치 빈도가 높다. 이들은 체육수업뿐만 아니라 방과 후 활동을 지원하기 위해 설치된 측면도 크다. 7) 테라스, 발코니, 외부계단 등의 적극적인 계획을 통해 외부공간을 입체적으로 확보하고 있으며 이들이 다양한 기능을 가지도록 계획하고 있다.

간호조무사의 근무환경인식과 성격성향에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Working Environment Recognition and the Caracter Disposition of Nurse Aides)

  • 이선이
    • 한국보건간호학회지
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    • 제4권1호
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    • pp.57-74
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    • 1990
  • As the whole world took on the tendency to be highly industrialized, it became necessary for each field of occupation to require professional man power. Especially, since the World War n, the participation of woman power in economic activities has been continually increasing. In our country also, because of the rapid economic growth, change in the way of thinking of women as well as their participation in economic activities are increasing. Thus, woman power is being utilized in various occupational fields from simple physical labor to those that require high-professional skill. Also, continued economic development policies, by setting the establishment of welfare society as the ideology to be fulfilled, brought expansion of medical facilities in the field of public health and increase in man power in that field. As for the nursing specialists, more than 6000 have been being produced per year and as of the end of 1988, the total number of nursing specialists, reached 123, 115. Therefore, this study is done to recognize the professional knowledge and ability of nursing specialists, who take up $40\%$ of the total public-health related man power in our country, through evaluating their working environment and their disposition of character. This study, which was done from September 18th to September 30th 1989, took on the method of using formed questionnaires that had been amended and supplemented during two preparatory investigations, 322 of such questionnaires were used as an analytical material. In the formation of questionnaires, 12 questions were related to the working environment, and 26 in fortotal were related to the disposition of character, 5 for wise-disposition, 11 for activedisposition and 10 for open-disposition. The measuring method, which used 5-point-standard, allowed 5 points for affirmative recognition of the working environment, also 5 points for showing wise, active and open disposition of character and only point in opposite cases. Collected materials were analyzed, through an electronic calculation, into the average value, the standard deflection percentage, pearson corelative number and stepwise multiple regression. Summarizing the results from this study is as follows: 1. It was shown that the nursing specialists with the average of 3.07 have affirmative recognition of their working environment. The questions which drew most affirmative reaction were those concerning finance-management system such as hand, the questions that received negative reaction were those concerning communication method with the average of 2.49. Such reaction seems to have resulted from the cramming regulation by the superior authorities. Concerning the recognition of working environment in relation to employment conditions, more affirmative recognition is shown with the average of 3.14. at hospitals where injection job is not performed. The nursing specialists working at regular hospitals show more affirmative recognition than those at general hospitals, the averages being respectiely 3.16 and 3.03. 2. As for the disposition of character of the nursing specialists, active-disposition was highest with the average of 3.38, next was wise-disposition with 3.20 and the lowest was open-diposition with 2.98. Variable-wise disposition of character shows that wise-disposition and academic background are beneficially correlated by 0.12. Ative-disposition and open-disposition show correlation to the office term by respectively 0.16 and 0.21. In other words. better academic background leads to higher wise-disposition and more - experience results in higher active and open disposition. Also, the class that performs the injection job, in relation to the working environment, might cause change in the self-conceit that identify those in that class with the nurses; however, as far as professional judgment and action, in dealing with nursing job, being wise, active and open is concerned, not much effect is made. 3. The relation between the recognition of the working environment and the disposition of character is that more afirmative recognition- a nursing specialist has about her working environment, the higher the active-disposition becomes by 0.13. The degrees of the relation between recongnition of environment and wise and open dispositions show respectively 0.06 and -0.06 and -0.06. That is to say that when having more affirmative recognition of the working environment, a nursing specialist shows wise but closed disposition of character. This, howerver, didn't mean much statistically. When observing the results mentioned above, it is conspicuous that the nursing specialists, working as substitutes for the nurse at medical institutions of various sizes, get the feeling of being somewhat equal to the nurses and to some extent, fulfill their desire to accomplish their ego; however, as far as professional ability expansion if concerned. they lack wise and open dispositions. Therefore, considiering upon the results of this study, in medical institutions where the work of nursing specialists is regaded equal to that of the nurses, as a medical member who deals with human lives, it is desirable to make the nursing specialists work under the supervision of the nurses and to offer them continuous education to strengthen and improve their natural dispositions.

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그린인프라스트럭처 개념을 적용한 가로 녹시율 개선 방안 - 중국 쓰촨성(四川省) 청두시(成都市)을 중심으로 - (A Green View Index Improvement Program for Urban Roads Using a Green Infrastructure Theory - Focused on Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China -)

  • 호우슈쥔;정태열
    • 한국조경학회지
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    • 제51권6호
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    • pp.61-74
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    • 2023
  • 그린인프라스트럭처(Green Infrastructure)의 개념은 자연 시스템과 도시 사회 시스템 간의 밀접한 관계를 강조하며, 생태 환경을 보호하고 인간의 삶의 질을 향상시키는 서비스를 제공한다. 녹시율은 도시의 녹지 공급을 측정하는 중요한 지표로, 녹피율보다 더 많은 3차원 공간 요소를 포함한다. 가로 녹지는 도시 그린인프라스트럭처의 중요한 부분이며 가로 녹시율의 개선은 도시 기후 위기에 대처하고 인간의 복지를 향상시키는 데 매우 중요하다. 본 연구는 중국 쓰촨성(四川省) 청두시(成都市)의 3순환가로 이내 지역을 중심으로 한다. 연구 목적은 첫째, 스트리트뷰 이미지 데이터를 활용하여 가로 녹시율의 공간 분포 특성 및 도시 공원 녹지 시스템과의 상관관계를 분석하는 것이다. 둘째, 낮은 녹시율 가로의 특성을 분석한다. 셋째, 공간 구문론을 활용하여 도로 교통과 가로 녹시율의 연결성을 분석한다. 연구 결과를 살펴보면, 첫째, 연구 범위 내에서 남서부 가로 녹시율은 북동부보다 높다. 가로 녹시율의 공간적 분포는 도시 공원 녹지와 상관관계가 있다. 둘째, 낮은 녹시율의 가로 이미지는 주로 상업 시설 집적 지역, 도시 신규 건설 지역, 고가가로 및 주변, 도시 4급 이하 가로, 교차로 지역에 집중되어 있다. 셋째, 도시 교통과 인구 집중 지역에서 높은 통합도와 낮은 녹시율의 가로는 주로 1순환가로 중심 지역에 집중되어 있다. 이는 향후 쓰촨성 청두시 가로 녹시율를 개선하기 위한 기초자료를 제공할 수 있다.

일제하(日帝下) 사립전문학교(私立專門學校) 도서관(図書館) (THE KOREAN PRIVATE COLLEGE LIBRARIES UNDER THE PERIOD OF JAPANESE CONTROL)

  • 김용성
    • 한국비블리아학회지
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    • 제5권1호
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    • pp.37-84
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    • 1981
  • Korean private colleges under the period of Japanese control was the kernel for the educational resistance, one of the save-the-nation movements because of inculcating in Koreans the spirit of independence and self-respect under that period. Posung College Library building, erected in Commemoration of the 30th Anniversary of the Foundation, especially, was the result of Koreans systematizing ability and iron will of independence for the future generations. In this paper, an attempt to study the Korean private college libraries under the period of Japanese control is provided. The main institutions in this study are Posung College library, Chosen Christian College library (Yunhee College Library), and Ewha College Library. This study will focus to review the followings: 1. The historical background of above mentioned libraries. 2. The educational resistance under that period. 3. The comparative and analytical study of these private college libraries and Keijo Imperial University library. 4. The facilities and the basic collection development plan on the basis of presentation. 5. library services including readers services. 6. The impact of these libraries on the present private university libraries. 7. The organization and staffing pattern, and budget of these private college libraries. The followings are the outlines conclusions: 1. Korean private college libraries had been established in order to perform the educational resistance. They are one of the supporting agencies for the research activities, among the most important means of social education, and provide, no doubt, the full nutriment for hungry soul under that period. 2. These libraries have not outstripped Keijo Imperial University in collection of books as well as man power, but their collection of books coincided, in general, with their curricula, and had feature to perform the save-the-nation-movement by education. 3. The library services were appeared in the forms such as the Circulation Library, Lectures on the Use of Books and Libraries, Library Week, and Training Course for the Librarians, etc. It is thought that these activities contributed to the social and cultural development of Korea indirectly. 4. The library administration of the private colleges depended upon the director of library because of the frequent changes of staffs and the simple functional system without its middle class. 5. The Japanese Government-General in Korea gave no financial assistance to the private colleges though they were in financial difficulties more than Keijo Imperial University. 6. The ambitious ideal for foundation of universities in reality as well as in name was not achieved during that period because of the monstrous obstacle so-called the Japanese Government-General in Korea, but its ideal had a desirable effect upon these college libraries development, in particular, before and after 1935.

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자연학습원 옥외 환경교육 프로그램 설계를 위한 연구 -중학생을 위한 프로그램 다양화를 중심으로- (Outdoor/Environmental Education Program Design in the Nature Study Center - The Program Diversification for the Middle School Students -)

  • 이재영;안동만
    • 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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    • 제3권1호
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    • pp.141-152
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    • 1992
  • The purpose of this study is to search for the ways to diversify Outdoor/Environmental Education Program in the Nature Study Center(NSC), especially for the middle school students. For this study, various research methods such as literature review, questionnaire survey (448 students, 11 middle school teachers, 19 NSC staffs), interview and participant observation are used the process of this study consists of two steps. The first step is to define research questions through pilot survey and the second is to investigate the research questions, in the form of hypotheses through main survey. Nine hypotheses are formulated. Six are related with program elements (educational goals, student characteristics, staff resources, teaching methods, instructional resources, contents). three are related with program implementation process(preplan, implementation, post-evaluation). The hypotheses are tested and alternatives for program improvement are proposed. 1. Educational goals : Educational goals of NSC should be focused on Outdoor /Environmental Education and each NSC should specialize on its own theme. The objectives of every sub-program should be unified toward educational goals. 2. Student characteristics: The Outdoor/Environmental Education Program should reflect student characteristics: sex, urban/rural origins, normal/handicapped, number of visit and so on. 3. Staff resources : Provide qualified staff with professional knowledge and positive attitudes, reeducate staffs periodically, reduce management staff and increase teaching staffs. Provide permanent and well paid position, encourage and give opportunities and the middle school teachers to participate in program. 4. teaching method: Increase outdoor classes two way communication between teaching staffs and students adopt more open ended teaching method so that students can exercise coworks in small groups. 5. Instructional resources: Diversify NSC sites(mountains, coastal areas, urban areas and so on), teaching media (audio/visual equipments, graphic design of signs). Consider design for handicapped and integrate indoor and outdoor educational facilities. Plan nature trails with separate themes, allign nature trail so that it passes through diverse environments. 6. Content : Reflect characteristic site potential specialize on day or night program, on seasonal program, and on site specific social issues(such as interpreting of environmental damages around the NSCs). 7. Preplan: Get Information and know about visiting students in advance. Discuss with middle school teachers and adjust program weeks before visits if many or all of the students had already visited a NSC. arrange a visit to other NSC. Provide an introductory class for the teachers and students before they visit a NSC. 8. Implementation: During NSC visit and classes apply various and appropriate techniques to collect in formation for later evaluation. Improve NSC provided evaluation sheet so as to reflect student characteristic. Compare with formal education and investigate on effects of NSC program. 9. Post-evaluation: Formalize a post-evaluation process and organization. During the winter vacation, develop new programs based on the post-evaluationacation, for the next year. Also, have comparative evaluation meetings of staff from various NSCs during the winter vacation while there is no visitors and classes.

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Revised Soil Survey of Yangju City in Gyunggido

  • Hyun, Byung-Keun;Sonn, Yeon-Kyu;Kim, Keun-Tae;Cho, Hyun-Jun;Jung, Sug-Jae;Choi, Jung-Won
    • 한국토양비료학회지
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    • 제50권2호
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    • pp.81-92
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    • 2017
  • Recently, agricultural lands have decreased sharply, which was caused by huge housing site, urbanization, land consolidation, and road construction etc. In particular, Yangju city near Seoul city has the most severe land use change in Korea. Therefore, we analyzed changes of land use, soil properties, and soil information in order to provide the basic soil information and soil management practices in this city. The area of crop cultivated land in Korea (2015) reduced by 12,090 ha compared to ones from the previous year (2014). The paddy field decreased by 25,421 ha but, upland field increased by 13,331 ha. One of the reasons for the reduction of the paddy field was converting paddy field to upland (20,916 ha) > others (3,056) > building (2,571) > public facilities (847) > idle land (217). But, reasons for increase of upland field were switching paddy to upland (20,916 ha) > land developed (634). The main reason of converting paddy field to upland was changing from rice to more profitable speciality crops or pulses. The cropland area (paddy fields, upland, orchard) of Yangju city reduced by 1,412 ha (2015/2014). The ratio of cropland area in each city reduced by 22.9% dramatically compared 2015 to 1999. The paddy fields located in alluvial plains in Yangju city were changed into upland or green house. The drainage classes of soil have been deteriorated because the flows of water were intercepted by road construction and other disturbance to water flows. In particular, paddy fields have been changed to not only upland, orchard, greenhouse cultivation but also to fallow and soil dressing on paddy in Yangju city. To analyze result of soil survey of Yangju city, 858 soil codes (soil phases) were used and the area was 105.17ha. The number of soil series increased from 60 to 65, and that of soil phase increased from 105 to 124. The largest increased area was Noegog soil series. 125.7ha of Neogog soil series was incorporated from the existing Sachon, Yecheon and Eungog soil series. The soil suitability class of paddy field in Ogjung huge housing site of Yangju city was the 4th grade for 32.6% of the area. The soil suitability classes of upland were 2nd and 3rd grade for 72.4% of the area. Farm land with high quality should be conserved by related law.

UML 분석을 위한 함수 기반 설계내역 항해기의 구현 (Implementation of a Function-Based Design Document Navigation Tool for UML Analysis)

  • 김원중;배명남;양재동
    • 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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    • 제29권8호
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    • pp.543-554
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    • 2002
  • 개발자는 다양한 설계 도구들을 통해 많은 설계내역들을 생성한다. 따라서, 생성된 설계내역 들의 분석을 용이하게 해주는 도구들이 필요하다. 이 도구들은 설계내역들 사이에 관계성을 정의하고 자유로운 항해 메소드를 제공함으로써, 전체 시스템을 이해하고 검증하는데 사용될 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 설계내역들간의 복제, 인스턴스, 그리고 전이 관련성 파악을 통해 시스템을 체계적으로 분석할 수 있도록 지원하는 항해기를 제안하고 구현하였다. 항해기는 기존의 UML 설계 도구들이 갖는 설계요소로의 항해 방식과는 달리, 클래스 다이어그램내 정적 구조 정보뿐만 아니라 이와 연계하여 함께 파악되어야 하는 시퀀스 다이어그램, 스테이트 다이어그램내 동적인 면을 기술하는 설계내역을 구성하는 설계요소들도 함께 항해할 수 있도록 확장되었다. 즉, 설계내역 항해기는 UML이 갖는 모든 설계 시멘틱에따라 설계요소들을 유기적으로 파악할 수 있도록 함으로써 시스템의 행위를 체계적으로 파악하고 검증하는데 사용될 수 있다 이를 위해, 본 논문에서는 1) 복제, 인스턴스, 전이 등의 관련성을 정의하고, 2) 정의된 방식에 따라 관련된 설계요소들에 관련성을 부여한 뒤, 3) 이 관련성에 의해 관련된 설계요소들을 항해하기 위한 일련의 함수들을 제시한다.