• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.149-155
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• 2017

Purpose: The classification of impacted maxillary third molars(IMTMs) facilitates interdisciplinary communication and helps estimate the degree of surgical difficulty. Thus, this study aimed to develop a 3-dimensional classification of the position and depth of impaction of IMTMs and to estimate their prevalence with respect to gender and age. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study analyzed images in sagittal and coronal cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) sections of 300 maxillary third molars. The proposed classification was based on 3 criteria: buccolingual position (buccal, lingual, or central), mesial-distal position (mesioangular, vertical, or distoangular), and depth of impaction (low, medium, or high). CBCT images of IMTMs were classified, and the associations of the classifications with gender and age were examined using analysis of variance with the Scheffe post-hoc test. To determine the associations among the 3 classifications, the chi-square test was used (P<.05). Results: No significant association of the classifications with gender was observed. Age showed a significant relationship with depth of impaction (P=.0001) and mesial-distal position (P=.005). The most common positions were buccal(n=222), vertical(n=184), and low (n=124). Significant associations among the 3 tested classifications were observed. Conclusion: CBCT enabled the evaluation of IMTMs in a 3-dimensional format, and we developed a proposal for a new classification of the position and depth of impaction of IMTMs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.60 no.6
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• pp.74-88
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• 2010

This study investigates the relevance between the subjective age and clothing shopping orientation by adults women located in the cities of Seoul and Gyeonggi. The results are following. First, subjective age was identified with interest age, look age, and physical age. Customers were segmented into following five subdivisions: young activity group, actual age group, young appearance group, physical aging group and youth-oriented group. When the study examined differences between real age and subjective age, the study could see that they perceived themselves younger four years than real age- 50s: 7 years, 40s: 5 years, the latter half of 30s: 2.7 years and the former half of 30s: 1.7 years. Second, clothing shopping orientation was identified with planned shopping orientation, leisure shopping orientation, loyal shopping orientation, economic shopping orientation and convenient shopping orientation. Customers were segmented into following three subdivisions: shopping low-involved group, loyal leisure group and planned leisure oriented group. Third, interest age was of no relevance to clothing shopping orientation. On the other hand, look age had negative correlation with leisure shopping orientation and convenient shopping orientation and physical age had a negative relationship with leisure shopping orientation and loyal shopping orientation but had positive correlation with economic shopping orientation. Fourth, in clothing purchase, clothing purchase answerers who were younger five years than actual age had the highest frequency. It means that they purchase clothing according to subjective age perceived younger four years on average.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.371-380
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• 2020

Objectives: This study investigated the effects of socio-demographic factors on the decreasing trend in the sex ratio at birth from 1997 to 2017 in Korea. Methods: Data from 10 349 602 live births registered with Statistics Korea from 1997 to 2017 were analyzed. The secondary sex ratio (SSR), defined as the ratio of male to female live births, during the study period (1997-1999 [phase I], 2000-2002 [phase II], 2003-2005 [phase III], 2006-2008 [phase IV], 2009-2011 [phase V], 2012-2014 [phase VI], and 2015-2017 [phase VII]) was calculated according to selected socio-demographic factors, such as parental age, education, occupation, and birth order. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for a male birth after adjusting for potential confounders. Results: The SSR gradually decreased from 1.10 (in 1998-2000 and 2002) to 1.05 (in 2013-2016). While a decreasing trend in the SSR was not noted among first births, male-biased sex ratios were prominent among third and higher-order births, for which the highest SSR was 1.46 in 1998. Higher birth order was significantly associated with an excess of male births in phases I-VI (≥third vs. first, OR range, 1.03 to 1.35). Advanced maternal age was significantly associated with an excess of female births in phases II, III, and V (≥40 vs. 20-24 years, OR range, 0.92 to 0.95). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that advanced maternal age and reduction of the artificially-biased SSR among third and higher-order births may partially explain the decreasing trend in the SSR from 1997 to 2017 in Korea.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.65-78
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• 1996

This study wan described the movement patterns when rising from supine to erect stance in the third through eighth decades. Two hundred fifty six subjects, ranging in age from 30 year to 89 were filmed while rising from a supine position. Movement patterns were classified using categorical descriptions of the action of the upper and lower extremity, head-trunk region. This study was designed to determine whether within the rising task the movement patterns of different regions of the body vary with age level and sex, to describe time by subjects to perform this task. The incidence of each movement pattern was calculated and graphed wi th respect to age level and sex. Erect standing time was increased by age increasing in beth sex group. The most common form of rising for subject in the third through fifth decades both sex usually involved symmeytrical push with upper extremity, symmetrical squat pattern with lower extremity, partial rotation pattern wi th head-trunk and symmetrical push to push and reach pattern with upper extremity, symmetri cal squat pattern with lower extremity. partial rotation with head-trunk. In the sixth through eighth decades usually involved symmetrical push to push and reach pattern with upper extremity, symmetrical squat pattern with lower extremity, partial rotation pattern with head-trunk in both sex group.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.128-135
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• 2017

Purpose: Extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase-producing bacteria-induced urinary tract infections are increasing and require more potent antibiotics such as carbapenems. We evaluated the clinical significance of extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase -urinary tract infection in children younger than 5 years to select proper antibiotics and determine prognostic factors. Differences were compared between age groups. Methods: We retrospectively studied 288 patients with their first febrile urinary tract infection when they were younger than 5 years. Patients were divided into extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase-positive and extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamasenegative urinary tract infection groups. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared between the groups; an infant group was separately analyzed (onset age younger than 3 months). Results: Extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase urinary tract infection occurred in 11 % patients who had more frequent previous hospitalization (P=0.02) and higher recurrence rate (P=0.045). During the antimicrobial susceptibility test, the extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase-positive urinary tract infection group showed resistance to third-generation cephalosporins; however, 98% patients responded clinically. In the infant group, extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase-positive urinary tract infection occurred in 13% patients and was associated with a longer pre-onset hospitalization history (P=0.002), higher C-reactive protein level (P=0.04), and higher recurrence rate (P=0.02) than that in the older group. Conclusion: Extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase urinary tract infection requires more attention because of its higher recurrence rate. The antimicrobial susceptibility test demonstrated resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, but they can be used as first-line empirical antibiotics because of their high clinical response rate. Aminoglycosides can be second-line antibiotics before starting carbapenems when third-generation cephalosporins do not show bactericidal effects for extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase urinary tract infection.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.89-102
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to examine the factors causing the attitudes and preparations toward retirement. Tow hundred eight employees participated in this study. The results of this study are as fellows: First, income, age, sex, self-esteem, attitudes toward job, family, and leisure affect the attitudes toward retirement. Second, income and attitudes toward leisure affect economic preparations. Third, age, attitudes toward family and leisure affect psychologic preparations. Fourth, age, self-esteem, locus of control, and attitudes toward leisure affect physical preparations.

• Korean Architects
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• s.539
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• pp.56-63
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• 2014

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.59-63
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• 1970

As a result of inquiry about menarche age, existence or non-existence of menstruation, comparative menarche age by regina groups, and monthly occurrence rate of menarche among 1642 school girls in Kwangju district, we obtained the following conclusion. 1. The menarche age of school girls in Kwangju district was 10-17, and the average age was 14.03$\pm$1.85. 2. According to the percentage of menarche occurrence by the present age. we got a fact that 58.67% had menarche at 13 to 15-year-old school girls. So the tendency is that menarche occurs sooner by degrees. 3. As a result of inquiry about the existence or non-existence of menarche by the present age, 54.54% have not had menarche among 15-year-old school girls. There is one person who have not had it at 18, and none that have not had it at over 19. 4. The menarche age by regional groups shows that menarche occurs at 13.85 in the city and at 14.27 in the country: those inhabited in the city have menarche sooner than those in the country. 5. Monthly rate of menarche occurrence shows that August in the largest number, December the second, January the third, and so on.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.370-375
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• 1999

To evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic administration in the impacted mandibular third molar extraction the author investigated 107 patients requiring extraction of the lower third molar who visited at the Department of oral and maxillofacial Surgery, Chosun Dental Hospital and were healthy without medical problems and had no signs and symptoms of infection around the lower third molar. The patients were divided into 4 groups according to the method of antibiotics administration: 13 patients without antibiotics administration(group 1), 30 patients with only intravenous injection of $Cefazoline^{(R)}$ 2.0g 30 minutes before the procedure(group 2), 39 patients with intravenous injection of $Cefazoline^{(R)}$ 2.0g 30 minutes before the procedure and oral administration of follow-up dosages of $Augmentin^{(R)}$ for 1 day(group 3), and 25 patients with intravenous injection of $Cefazoline^{(R)}$ 2.0g 30 minutes before the procedure and oral administration of follow-up dosages of $Augmentin^{(R)}$ for 3 day(group 4). Infection rates after extraction were calculated and compared according to gender, the age of the patients, the level of impaction, and also compared between four groups. The results were as follows. 1. The overall infection rate was 8.4%. 2. The infection rate was higher in male(11.9%) than in female(4.2%), but there were statistically no significant differences between them. 3. Infection rate was lower in patients under age 30(7.2%) than in patients over age 30(12.5%), but there were statistically no significant between them. 4. Infection rate was higher in patients with complete bony impacted tooth(11.1%) than in patients with partial bony impacted tooth(6.5%), but there were statistically no significant differences between them. 5. Infection rate was 7.7% in group 1, 10.0% in group 2, 10.3% in group 3, 4.0% in group 4 and there were statistically no significant differences between groups. In summary, it is more important to extract the impacted lower third molar under aseptic condition and to minimize the injury of tissue if possible than to administer the preventive antibiotics in reducing the infection rate in healthy patients without medical problems who had no signs and symptoms of infection around the lower third molar.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.530-535
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• 2004

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate mandibular third molars as risk factors for angle fracture in a patient sample with fractured mandible. Materials and methods. The medical records and panoramic radiographs of 107 patients with mandibular fractures were examined. The presence and absence and degree of impaction of the lower third molar were assessed for each patient and related to the occurrence of fracture of the mandibular angle. Data were also collected for age, sex and mechanism of injury. Data were analyzed by a chisquare statistics and Student t test. Result. The incidence of mandibular angle fracture was found to be significantly greater when a lower third molar was present(p <0.05) especially at class III state.(p < 0.05)(by Pell & Gregory system) Of the 78 patients with a lower third molar, 46(58.97%) had angle fractures. Of the 29 without a lower third molar, 24(82.76%) had not angle fractures. Conclusion. The result of this study showed that the mandibular angle that have a lower third molar is more susceptible to fracture when exposed to an impact than an angle without an lower third molar.