• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2022

Piracy cases have been increasing globally since 2007. Recently, the waters of West Africa including the Gulf of Guinea, emerged as the most dangerous areas in the world. To prevent piracy damage to ships and crew, the Korean government amended the Piracy Damage Prevention Act on August 17, 2021 to newly define the risk area and the high-risk area for piracy. It also established the legal framework for restricting the entry of ships into such high-risk areas. This study aims to discuss and present a plan for establishing risk areas and high-risk areas for piracy to be noticed by the government in accordance with the amended Act. In this study, international piracy trends, international response measures and the status of international high-risk areas were investigated and analyzed, the matters to be considered to designate high-risk areas were identified. It is expected that the resulting information on high-risk areas for piracy can be utilized not only for the development of government policies on the prevention of piracy, but also as basic academic data.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.53-57
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• 2014

This thesis, concentrates on marine collision risks of the area divided by cells. Using a gas molecular collision calculation model, a collision risk model is proposed. Collision risk is estimated by relative angle, relative speed, and ship's density in the cell. For one week, Automatic Identification System (AIS) data was collected and analyzed on the Busan North Port area. The results indicate a high-risk area at the sea route connection point in Busan North Port. It also shows that twilight is the time of day when most collisions occur. This means that the area is high risk due to the number of collisions and other dangerous factors related to twilight. Although there is still need to consider other risks such as grounding risks, the results of this study are useful to for plotting a risk map for the port.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2017

In order to assess risk of high temperature damages about corn during reproduction stages in the future, we carried out analysis of climate change scenarios RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) 4.5 and RCP8.5 distributed by KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) in 2012. We established two indexes such as average of annual risk days of high temperature damage which express frequency and strengthen index of high temperature damage. As results of producing maps for 157 cities and counties about average of annual risk days of high temperature damage during total periods of scenarios, the risk of high temperature in RCP8.5 was evaluated to increase at all over nation except inland area of Gangwon province, while RCP4.5 showed similar to present, or little higher. The maps of annual risk days of high temperature damage with 10 years interval in RCP8.5 prospected that the risk for damaging corn growth would increase rapidly from 2030's. The largest risk of high temperature damage in the future of RCP8.5 was analyzed at Changnyeong county located east-south inland area in Kyeongnam province, while the smallest of risk counties were Pyeongchang, Taebaek, Inje, and Jeongseon. The prospect at 12 counties which is large to produce corn at present and contains large plains have been showed that there will be only a little increase of risk of high temperature at Goesan, Yangpyeong, Hongcheon, Seosan, and Mooju until 2060's. But considering strengthen index of high temperature damage, most regions analyzed would be prospected to increase rapidly after 2030's. To cope with high temperature damage of corn in the future, we should develop various practical technologies including breeding adapted varieties and controlling cultivation periods.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2625-2628
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• 2012

Introduction: Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin produced in cereals due to fungal infection. This study was conducted to determine FB1 contamination of rice and corn samples and its relationship with the rate of esophageal cancer (EC) in a high risk area in northeastern Iran. Methods: In total, 66 rice and 66 corn samples were collected from 22 geographical subdivisions of Golestan province of Iran. The levels of FB1 were measured for each subdivision by thin layer and high pressure liquid chromatographies. The mean level of FB1 and the proportions of FB1 contaminated samples were compared between low and high EC-risk areas of the province. Results: The mean of FB1 levels in corn and rice samples were 223.64 and 21.59 ${\mu}g/g$, respectively. FB1 contamination was found in 50% and 40.9% of corn and rice samples, respectively. FB1 level was significantly higher in rice samples obtained from high EC-risk area (43.8 ${\mu}g/g$) than those obtained from low risk area (8.93 ${\mu}g/g$) (p-value=0.01). The proportion of FB1 contaminated rice samples was also significantly greater in high (75%) than low (21.4%) EC-risk areas (p-value=0.02). Conclusion: We found high levels of FB1 contamination in corn and rice samples from Golestan province of Iran, with a significant positive relationship between FB1 contamination in rice and the risk of EC. Therefore, fumonisin contamination in commonly used staple foods, especially rice, may be considered as a potential risk factor for EC in this high risk region.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.157-167
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• 2017

Millions of People die every year from diseases caused by exposure to outdoor air pollution. Especially, one of the most severe types of air pollution is fine particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5). South Korea also has been suffered from severe PM. This paper analyzes regional risks induced by PM10 and PM2.5 that have affected domestic area of Korea during 2014~2016.3Q. We investigated daily maxima of PM10 and PM2.5 data observed on 284 stations in South Korea, and found extremely high outlier. We employed extreme value distributions to fit the PM10 and PM2.5 data, but a single distribution did not fit the data well. For theses reasons, we implemented extreme mixture models such as the generalized Pareto distribution(GPD) with the normal, the gamma, the Weibull and the log-normal, respectively. Next, we divided the whole area into 16 regions and analyzed characteristics of PM risks by developing the FN-curves. Finally, we estimated 1-month, 1-quater, half year, 1-year and 3-years period return levels, respectively. The severity rankings of PM10 and PM2.5 concentration turned out to be different from region to region. The capital area revealed the worst PM risk in all seasons. The reason for high PM risk even in the yellow dust free season (Jun. ~ Sep.) can be inferred from the concentration of factories in this area. Gwangju showed the highest return level of PM2.5, even if the return level of PM10 was relatively low. This phenomenon implies that we should investigate chemical mechanisms for making PM2.5 in the vicinity of Gwangju area. On the other hand, Gyeongbuk and Ulsan exposed relatively high PM10 risk and low PM2.5 risk. This indicates that the management policy of PM risk in the west side should be different from that in the east side. The results of this research may provide insights for managing regional risks induced by PM10 and PM2.5 in South Korea.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.150-158
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• 2019

Soil contaminated with heavy metals from artisanal gold mining in Anka Local Government Area in Northwestern Nigeria was investigated to evaluate the human health risk as a result of heavy metals. Measured concentration of heavy metals and exposure parameters were used to estimate human carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk. GIS-based Kriging method was utilized to create a prediction maps of human health risks and probability maps of heavy metals concentrations exceeding their threshold limits. Hazard index calculation showed that 21 out of 23 locations are posing non-cancer risk for children. Adults and children are at high cancer risk in all locations as the total cancer risk exceeded $1{\times}10^{-6}$ (the lower limit CTR value). Kriging model showed that only a very small area in Anka has a hazard index of less than unity and cumulative target risk of less than $1{\times}10^{-4}$, indicating a significant carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for children. The probability of heavy metals to exceed their threshold concentrations around the study area was also found to be high.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.67-73
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• 2010

Relatively high density of population and buildings exists in urban area mainly because of broad job opportunities and conveniences available. In other words, if happened, there might be high possibility of disaster which can not be easily recovered. The purpose of this study is to show evaluation approach of the risk degree resulted from the disaster, which considers the attributes of urban area. Cheongju-city in Chungcheongbuk-do is selected as sample district to be estimated. The degree of overall risk including fire risk, building collapse risk, evacuation risk and gas explosion risk etc. is analyzed in the designated area. The analysis suggests the highest risk degree in Bukmun-ro district which also shows CBD decline phenomenon. Therefore, it can be not only predicted that this area as old downtown has not been provided with disaster prevention operation and urban renewal project, but also judged that administrative assistances for the disaster are required possibly soon.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.56 no.7
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• pp.451-460
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• 2023

In this study, the risk of red water and turbid water occurrence was analyzed by classifying it into detachment risk and deposition risk. First, risk factors for red water and turbid water were determined, and hydraulic analysis was conducted considering seasonal water consumption. The applied area was Cheongju City, and the risk analysis was conducted across 13 areas, and the areas with high deposition risk and high detachment risk were selected. The high risk of both detachment and deposition can be judged as an area with a very high probability of causing water quality problems. The areas with the highest deposition risk and detachment risk are the old towns of Nae deok1-dong and Yul1yang-dong, which are the oldest areas in Cheongju City with an age of more than 30 service years of pipe installation. By analyzing the risk of deposition and detachment, it will be possible to strengthen the maintenance function of the water supply network to provide the safe water to citizens and increase their confidence for tap water.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2018

Wide-area monitoring of tree-related high impedance fault (THIF) efficiently contributes to increase reliability of large-scaled network, since the failure to early location of them may results in critical lines tripping and consequently large blackouts. In the first place, this wide-area monitoring of THIF requires managing the placement of sensors across large power grid network according to THIF detection objective. For this purpose, current paper presents a framework in which sensors are distributed according to a predetermined risk map. The proposed risk map determines the possibility of THIF occurrence on every branch in a power network, based on electrical conductivity of trees and their positions to power lines which extracted from spectral data. The obtained possibility value can be considered as a weight coefficient assigned to each branch in sensor placement problem. The next step after sensors deployment is to on-line monitor based on moving data window. In this on-line process, the received data window is evaluated for obtaining a correlation between low frequency and high frequency components of signal. If obtained correlation follows a specified pattern, received signal is considered as a THIF. Thereafter, if several faulted section candidates are found by deployed sensors, the most likely location is chosen from the list of candidates based on predetermined THIF risk map.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.551-564
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• 2021

The use of clean energy based on the hydrogen economy is increasing rapidly due to the greenhouse gas reduction policies and the increase in the need for hydrogen. Currently, South Korea government have been considering a plan to construct hydrogen refueling stations at expressway service area for the purpose of supplying hydrogen vehicles. In the case of a hydrogen refueling stations, a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) must be performed because it includs and uses a high pressurized hydrogen storage tank. In this study, QRA was conducted using societal risk and F-N curve by the consequence assessment (CA) of jet fire and explosion according to the population density, capacity of the high pressurized hydrogen storage tank and frequency assessment (FA) data to the general hydrogen refueling stations systems in expressway service area. In the cases of jet with a leak diameter of 7.16 mm, regardless of expressway service area location, the societal risk was over 1E-04 that was acceptable for as Low As reasonably practicable (ALARP) region (workforce), but unacceptable for ALARP region (public). In the cases of gas explosion, all expressway service area satisfy ALARP region. In the case of the population density is over 0.0727, QRA for constructing the hydrogen refueling stations, must be conducted.