• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.466-473
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to analyze the distribution of the building area and find the characteristics of development density where the areas to perform special functions as residential, commercial, and business area in Seoul. As a result of classification of the regions with the component ratio of building area ratio by types, the greater part of Seoul is residential areas and only a small part of Seoul have business function. Contrary to the Kang-Nam business districts, the central business districts have few or no houses. It is concerned that the redevelopment projects, such as New-Town, make Seoul more high- density. The industrial area lost the attractiveness as a resident in spite of businesses or infrastructures. So the industrial area will be the best place for reduce journey-to-work distance if improve housing conditions. As well as management of density, management of use is also required for effective landuse and green-growth city.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.8 no.1 s.15
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• pp.94-104
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• 2002

In spite of the importance of the farm area in Seoul, in providing fresh vegetables, a pleasant environment and a good quality of life for residents, rapid urbanization and industrialization have greatly reduced the farm area. The purpose of this study is to examine farmers' intentions and attitudes to provide supporting data for planning the strategy of urban agricultural development. All the collected data was analyzed using the contingency tables and the Chi-square test using the SAS computer statistical package. Based on analysis of the survey data, the leaseholders were found to be more satisfied with their job than the landowning farmers. Also, the small-scale farmers with green houses showed greater job satisfaction than the ordinary large-scale farmers. Farmers' views on the farming in Seoul were different depending on their status. Therefore, agricultural strategies in there should be considered their different attitudes.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2001

The high-ozone episode in the Greater Seoul Area for the period of July 27 to August 1 1997 was modeled by the CIT(California Institute of Technology) three-dimensional photochemical model. Emission data were prepared by scaling the NIER(1994) data through and optimization method using VOC measurements in August 1997 and EKMA(Empirical Kinetic Modeling Approach). Two sets of meteorological data were prepared by the diagnostic routine. a part of the CIT model : one only utilized observations from the surface weather stations and the other also utilized observations from the automatic weather stations that were more densely distributed than those from the surface weather stations. The results showed that utilizing observations from the automatic weather stations could represent fine variations in the sind field such as those caused by topography. A better wind field gave better peak ozones and a more reasonable spatial distribution of ozone concentrations. Nevertheless, there were still many differences between predictions and observations particularly for primary pollutant such as NOx and CO. This was probably due to the inaccuracy of emission data that could not resolve both temporal and spatial variations.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.361-371
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• 2006

This study examines ozone episodes occurred during the intensive sampling periods (Jun. 1-30, 2004) in the air of Seoul metropolitan area. During that period, there were 8 events (or days) in which 1 hr averaged ozone concentrations were greater than 100 ppbv. The photochemical analysis of ozone chemistry (i.e., budget and formation and destruction strengths of ozone) was carried out using a photochemical box model. Peaks in diurnal ozone variations during ozone episode periods occurred were concurrent with the sudden change of the slope of $NO_{2}/NO$ ratio, suggesting significant correlation with photochemical reactivity. In addition, the ozone peaks were concurrent with high concentrations of ozone precursors, peroxy radicals of $HO_{2},\;CH_{3}O_{2},\;and\;RO_{2}$. High ozone levels during the ozone episodes are likely to be affected by ozone destruction rate.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.85-94
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the determinants of economic contributions of home-based family businesses. The results suggested that positive effect on direct contributions of home-based family businesses was associated with a male manager, more family members, more employees, non-family employees in the business, engaged in food and restaurant business, located in Seoul area, and higher perceived success of the business. Positive effect on indirect contributions of home-based family businesses was associated with a female manager, a child under age 6, only family members as employees, and greater initial investment in the business. Working hours were negatively related to the indirect contributions. Greater total economic contributions of the home-based family businesses was associated with a male manager, more family members, more employees, non-family employees in the business, engaged in restaurant business, located in Seoul, and higher perceived success on the business.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.95-105
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• 1971

Carbon monoxide poisoning is one of the most serious health hazards in Korea. Although the incidence rate has been assumed to be the highest in the world, there has been no avaiable reports as far as the annual & nation-wide incidence are concered. Authors analyzed the incidence reports from 1965 to 1970 filed by the National Police & also made incidence survey on Seoul area in 1968 & 1969. The results of these surveys informed us that the official police reports are very much underevaluated. The stochastic estimations of the generel incidence were made based on the informations which were obtained through incidence survey made in Seoul area. The findings obtained are as follows; 1. The annual incidence of CO poisoning tends to increase since 1965. 2. The incidence is higher in the urban area & the incidence in Seoul is the highest in the world. 3. The frequency of incidence is the highest in the December. 4. The main causes of poisoning are the gas leakage from 'ondol' floor & the leaking of gas from kitchen to room through the connecting door. 5. The incidence survey made in Seoul area revealed that the official police reports are underevaluated around one-eighth of actual incidence. 6. The health hazards induced by CO poisoning is greater than those caused by 19 Class I & Class II communicable diseases.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.9-16
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• 2015

High loading of base paper is regarded as one of reasons to aggravate fold cracking of coated paper. But the relationship between the ash content of base paper and fold cracking of coated paper has not been shown yet. We investigated the effect of ash content in base paper on the fold cracking of coated paper. Handsheets with three different ash contents (19.5-23.5%) were prepared, and double layered coating were applied on the top side of the handsheets. A gravimetric water retention meter (AA-GWR) was employed to fold the paper with a uniform pressure after solid printing on the coated surface. The fold cracking was digitized by calculating the cracked area by means of an image analysis technique. Results suggested that high ash content in the base paper increased the fold cracking of the outer surface of coated papers. In the case of inner surface greater fold crack areas were obtained, and the number of cracks decreased because long and wide cracks were formed. Reduction in tensile strength and thickness appeared to give greater fold cracking for highly loaded papers.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.492-497
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• 1997

A difference in ethanol metabolism between premature and young adult rats was examined. Female SD rats, either 4wk or 12wk old, were injected with a single dose of ethanol (1.5g /kg) through jugular vein and the blood ethanol level was monitored for 300 min using a gas chromatographic method. Reduction of blood ethanol level per unit of time was less and the area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) was significantly greater in young adults compared to premature rats. Activity of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase was not influenced by the age increase. Total cytochrome P-450, cytochrome $b_5$. or aminopyrine N-demethylation was not different between premature rats and young adult rats. However, p-nitrophenol hydroxylation and p-nitroanisole O-demethylation activities were significantly higher in premature rats. The relative liver weight was 45% greater in premature rats leading to an overall increase in ethanol metabolizing activity in these animals. The results indicate that the reduction in ethanol elimination in young adult rats appears to be mostly associated with the decrease in relative liver weight as the age of animals increases.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-26
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• 2008

This research examines the effect of area level characteristics on individual health, particularly focusing on the vulnerable populations in Seoul. We consider adult individuals whose family income is under 1.5 million won, who are aged 65 and over, or who have neither spouse nor job but aged 40 and over as vulnerable populations. Using the 2005 Seoul Citizens' Health Interview Survey, we conducted multilevel analyses to simultaneously investigate the effect of area and individual level characteristics on health. Between-area variance of self-rated health status was greater for the elderly population than for all populations. Area material deprivation index and happiness index were associated with the self-rated health of economically disadvantaged populations. Vulnerable populations showed greater between-area variances in emotional health than the same for all populations. Area happiness index, material deprivation index, the proportion of households below poverty line and street safety showed statistically significant association with emotional health. The effect of area characteristics were particularly salient for the emotional health of elderly population and its between area variance was also notable.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.107-117
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• 2012

We estimated the potential area roof greening in Gyeonggi-do that will mitigate the heat island effect. The estimation was based on building age, roof shape, and building use which were recorded in the building register from "Sewoomteo, the Building Administration System in the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs. The estimated potential roof greening area in Gyeonggi-do was approximately $102.5km^2$ assuming that the buildings for residence, public, education(school), office, shopping mall are appropriate for roof greening. The area occupied by apartment buildings over six-story was 76.3% of the potential roof greening area 10.2% for individual houses, 5.9% for under five-story apartment buildings, and 3.7% for school buildings. The result indicated that it is residential buildings that we need to pay attention for roof greening, especially high-rise buildings over six-story. Greening of the whole estimated area, $102.5km^2$, in Gyeonggi-do will result in the increase of green space per capita by $8.74m^2$. This is 1.65 times greater than the area of current urban parks, and 1.97 times greater than the total area of neighborhood parks, children's parks, and pocket parks. Greening of the estimated roof area will increase green coverage of urban area by twice, adding to current green coverage of the urban areas, 11.3%, in 10 major cities. In particular, the effect of roof greening would be remarkable in inceasing the green space of Anyang City, Gwangmyeong City, and Guri City where neighborhood park area falls short.