• 한국제4기학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2008

Some reverse fault lines pass through the alluvial fans and west hill slope of Bulguksa mountains including Mt. Toham in the directions of N-S and NW-SE. The study area is known as relatively unstable, because of active faults. Assuming the record of earthquake in the Samguksagi, the architects in the construction of the Bulguksa temple should have recognized the possibility of breakdown from the earthquakes and the need for an unique structure against at that time. Against earthquakes, Greavee technique, a stonework construction technique following woothe one and use of Chushouok (Dongtleouok or Chumchaouok) were applied for the construction of Bulguksa temple. By designing the foundation stone with hole, a structure is prevented from motiff Ction that pillarsakdcede from a foundation stone in spite of horizontal load of earthquake while woot construction isaktrong frame at earthquake. The Bulguksa-temple isausually evaluated to be a beautiful architecture from the appeaultces like the weight balltced structure with unique decoration. ampressive architectures are beautiful in balance and harmony coming from the important and specific rolls in its own way by each part of whole structure. This beauty comes from the science.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.13-17
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• 1992

This study aims to explain the image of historic objects in matters of the artistic impulse. Two Pagodas in the Temple Bulguksa, those have a concrete character of the "matter & form" in the structure and buddhistic background, are chosen for this study. With analysis and synthesis of the form and structure, those must be handled by overlaping, lifting and comparing in plan, elevation and mass, the structural pattern of them can be theoretically explained and aesthetically interpreted. Conclusively, this study would be expected to make some references to the historic scene of the Temple Bulguksa.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.315-331
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• 2007

한국 불교 사찰을 대표하는 불국사는 활단층인 불국사(울산)단층선이 통과하는 한반도에서 지반이 가장 불안정한 곳에 입지 한다. 사찰이 조성된 선상지 지형면의 폭이 좁고 경사가 급하므로 건축자들은 불교의 상징세계를 완성하기 위하여 부지의 남쪽과 서쪽을 확장하였다. 인위적으로 넓힌 공간에는 이 지역의 지형적 특성을 고려하여 내진 구조를 고안하여 적용하였다. 건축미를 극대화하면서 중요한 목적인 내진 기능을 작동시키기 위하여 화강암을 목재처럼 가공하거나 자연석과 다듬은 석재를 이용하여 여러 장치들을 고안하였다. 불국사에 적용된 내진 구조는 그렝이법, 목조건축 기법을 적용한 석조구조(결구), 주두석(동틀돌, 첨차석)의 이용, 유공초석의 사용이다. 석축을 구성하고 있는 각 부분들은 나름대로 지진에너지를 흡수하는 특별한 역할을 하면서 전체적으로 균형과 조화를 이루고 있다. 복잡하고 세밀한 내진 구조들을 겉으로 드러내지 않고 석축 안에 감추면서 미학적으로 절정의 건축물을 만든 건축설계는 1250년 전 신라인들의 기술 수준을 짐작하게 한다. 기교에만 치우쳐 지나치게 치장한 것으로도 보일 수 있는 이 건축물의 진정한 미는 과학에 근거한 아름다움을 추구한 것이다.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.487-494
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• 2016

This study aimed to visualize a pig character targeting the golden pig in Geuknakjeon of Bulguksa Temple. As for a pig, it is included in this list of the 12 Chinese zodiac animals and controls Haeshinjang. Today, the characters market is enjoying rapid growth due to diversification of platforms. However, we do not see many characters made out of Korean traditional cultures and customs. This study first looks into significance of pigs that are often observed in Korean traditional culture and then offers possibilities of their being transformed into contemporary characters. In order to achieve the research goals, the study shed new light on the golden pig in Bulguksa Temple. As making contemporary applications to , the study proceeded with work of visualization. As for a face of a character, the study focused on that of the pig but regarding a body, the study applied a man's body. After all, the study came up with this SD character in a second-proportioned figure. This study discuses formative characteristics of existing Buddhist cultural assets and uses the character for improving understanding on Korean traditional culture. In the future, the study will propose ideas on animation contents development targeting infants and children.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.49-58
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to analyze the overall condition of the foundation for the three storied stone pagoda of Bulguksa temple in GyeongJu. As a research method, exploration of the electrical resistivity, refraction seismic, surface wave exploration, GPR exploration, Reputation loading test. The results of the investigation, the range of the foundation was formed in foundation stone outskirts of 1.5 ~ 2.0m. It was confirmed to be about 2.0m depth. The depth of the foundation becomes shallower from the base portion to the outside. And the bearing capacity of foundation was sufficient conditions to weight. It can sufficiently support the weight of pagoda. And, the result of this investigation becomes basis data for repair work.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2015

불국사(佛國寺)는 신라의 대표적인 사찰로서 임진왜란으로 완전 소실된 이후 1805년까지 중수와 중건을 거듭하였다. 그 이후의 기록은 없다가 재정상태가 어려워지면서 불국사의 중수는 중단되었으며, 일제강점기에는 일제에 의한 수리공사가 크게 2차에 걸쳐 나누어 시행되었다. 해방이후, 1969년 불국사 복원위원회가 설립되고 발굴조사 후 1970년부터 공사가 시작되어 1973년에 준공되었다. 본 연구는 현재 국가기록원에 소장되어 있는 불국사의 일제강점기 건축도면과 1902년 불국사의 모습을 사진으로 남긴 세키노 타다시(關野 貞)의 자료, 1973년에 발간된 불국사복원공사보고서를 통해 고찰하였다. 이를 통해 일제강점기 이후의 불국사의 경관의 변화를 확인하여 향후 복원이나 재정비 사업의 진행시 기초자료로 활용하는 것을 목적으로 하며 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 불국사는 19세기 초까지 유지되어 왔으나 그 후 사세가 약해졌고 그 후 일제강점기의 일본의 우월함을 표출하려는 무분별한 수리공사와 1970년대 박정희 대통령의 지시로 자료와 연구가 불충분한 상태에서 공사를 진행하여 많은 경관 변화가 있었다. 둘째, 구품연지(九品蓮池)는 고문헌에서 구품연지의 의미와 영지(影池)의 기능이 함께 언급되어 있어 그 명칭을 확정할 수 없고 실제로 발굴조사된 위치가 극락전이 아닌 대웅전 아래 공간이었기 때문에 구품연지의 교리적 의미와 발굴위치가 맞지 않는 의문점을 남기고 있었다. 구품연지는 창건초기부터 영지(影池)로서 역할을 하다가 시간이 흐르며 불국사의 사세가 약해짐에 따라 연지(蓮池)로서의 역할을 하게 되어 극락전의 존재와 교리상 알맞은 구품연지(九品蓮池)로 불리게 된 것으로 추측하였다. 셋째, 대웅전 남회랑의 경관을 촬영한 1902년 세키노 타다시의 사진을 확인할 결과 당시 남회랑의 벽체가 없었고 1918년에 작성된 것으로 추정되는 일제강점기 도면에서도 벽이 없는 회랑의 모습을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 1970년대 복원공사 뒤의 남회랑의 모습과는 다른데 불국사의 전체적인 경관과 함께 탑이 비추면서 아래쪽 지당이 영지로서의 기능을 했다는 근거 자료였다. 넷째, 48계단은 계단 숫자와 관련하여 정토불교와 관련된 48대원, 16관법, 대웅전의 관점에서의 승가시 3도로로 해석되고 있었다. 국가기록원에서 보관중인 일제강점기의 불국사 도면과 사진, 발굴조사자료를 확인한 결과 원래 없었던 것으로 판단되어 48계단에 대한 올바른 스토리를 알릴 필요가 있다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.47-58
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to analyze the cause of damage to the three storied stone pagoda of Bulguksa temple in GyeongJu. This report is attempted to making reinforcement and conservation plan through investigating and analyzing the cause of damage to that. The damage is caused by occurring of stress, degrading of stone strength, changing of underground soil structure, natural disasters and so on. Compressive stress, shear stress, bending stress and lateral pressure affected to the pagoda since built up. Ultrasonic examination data tells the strength of the stone. According to this result, strength of the stereobate stone materials is enough to support the weight of the upper ones. But we could found many other factors of the damage could consider, for example the problems occurred on building the pagoda construction and the weakness of the stone material(soft rock). And many environmental factors being changed in soil structure(subsidence of soil and degradation of bearing power of soil and freezing and melting of soil) can be seen as the cause of the damage. Natural disasters like earthquake, lightning and heavy rain were also thought to give direct impact to the damage. At last Concentration of compressive stress caused the crack and exfoliation on the stone materials and shear stress, bending stress and lateral pressure were main causes of the stereobate stone materials shearing.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.83-102
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• 2008

In the book of , it is recorded that the names of ingressive stone stairs to the main shrine were Cheongwoongyo(blue cloud bridge) and Baekwoongyo(white cloud bridge) and the names of stairs to the paradise hall were Yeonwhagyo(lotus bridge) and Chilbogyo(seven treasure bridge). But, the ingressive stone stairs to the main shrine and the paradise hall are single consecutive stairs with 2 levels respectively. Because of this, it is rather hard to clearly designate the names to the upper level and the lower level stairs. But, of the stairs to the Paradise hall, the lower stairs have a carving of lotus, and the upper stairs have seven stairs. In this aspect of artifacts, we can safely assume that the upper stairs are Chilbogyo and the lower are Yeonwhagyo. But, for the ingressive stairs to the main shrine, there is no such artificial hint. So, it is difficult to designate the upper and the lower stairs for the two bridges. Especially, it is not clear whether the descriptive order of "lower stairs upper stairs" in the names of Yeonwhagyo and Chilbogyo can be applied to the names of stairs to the main shrine. It is because the general descriptive order is "upper lower" rather than "lower upper." Even though there have been many studies on the Bulguksa temple, the study on the ingressive stone stairs to the main shrine has not made till now. Therefore, the study on the position of Cheongwoongyo and Baekwoongyo stairs can have its validity. In this paper, the positional approach to Cheongwoongyo and Baekwoongyo has been made in following aspects: First, the temple structure of Bulguksa; Second, the five element theory of oriental philosophy and the Book of Changes; Third, the directional consciousness of Buddhism. Through the aspects, the validity of up-down position of Cheongwoongyo and Baekwoongyo has been sought. In this research, it can be concluded that the upper level of ingressive stone stairs to the main shrine of Bulguksa is Cheongwoongyo and the lower level is Baekwoongyo. When considered in the Buddhist directional consciousness, it forms the total structure of "East-Cheongwoongyo South- Baekwoongyo West-Yeonwhagyo North-Chilbogyo."

• 보존과학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.421-431
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• 2018

경주 불국사 삼층석탑에서 발생한 무기오염물과 보수물질의 생성 원인 및 재질 특성을 규명하기 위해 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 황색 오염물은 외부 기원 토양 또는 풍화토의 침착으로 인한 변색, 적갈색 오염물은 산화철 광물의 한 종류인 침철석(Goethite, FeOOH)에 의한 오염, 흑색 오염물은 망간(Mn) 산화물이 부재 표면에 고착되면서 암석의 색상 변화를 유발하는 것으로 확인되었다. 과거에 사용된 보수 재료 중 시멘트 모르타르는 외부 환경과 반응하여 백화현상을 야기한 것으로 판단된다. 이를 통해 석탑 오염물질과 관련된 기초 자료를 확보하고, 효율적인 보존처리 방안마련 자료로 활용하였다. 한편, 외부환경에 노출되어 있는 석탑은 오염물 재형성 가능성이 높으므로 지속적인 모니터링을 통한 체계적인 관리가 요구된다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.137-152
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• 2007

The purpose of this article is making investigation of the principal composition of the twin-pagodas in Buddhist temple through ornaments of a case preserving relics of Buddha in the east and west pagodas of Gameunsa temple. This research has an important meaning in clarifying that the concept of placement two Buddhas together with lotus sutra, which was only applied to Bulkuksa temple, has been extended to Gameunsa temple. And this observation gave us a clear explanation for the principal composition at the twin-pagodas in Buddhist temple plans. The author obtained the following conclusion from this article : The cases preserving relics of the Buddha for the west and east pagodas are globally in similar form as the type of a royal palace. But the different points between eastern and western can be seen on the existence of Buddhist statues on the base floor, set-up of the gate at railings, and 4 lion statues at a coner of the base floor. In the western pagoda, there are Buddha statues above the base-floor of the cases preserving relics. These Buddha statues are composed of a boy monks and angels with playing music for the praise of the Sakyamuni Buddha lecturing the Lotus sutra at YoungChui Mountain. On the other hand, in the eastern pagoda, Buddha statues on the cases preserving relics are composed of a the Four Devas and monks as a defending God of the nation of Buddha. In the eastern pagoda, one can see something that does not exist in the western pagoda, which is a gate located in railing of a case preserving the relics. This gate described the scene of the Sakyamuni Buddha entering into the pagoda of 7 treasures. In a corner of the case preserving relics in the eastern pagoda, there is another thing which does not exist in the western pagoda. This is a sculpture of a lion which symbols the seat of Lion supporting the Buddha in the Dabotap(the pagoda of 7 treasures). When we observe the form and structure, the descriptions at the railings, the gate, the shrine, the statue of a lion, and the accessories in jewelries, at the cases preserving the relics in the eastern pagoda, one can realize that they have the same combination structures between the ones at Dabotaps in Bulguksa temple and those in China as well as in Japan, all of which represent the Gyun-Bo-Tap-Pum of Lotus Sutra. Among the distribution rules in the twin-pagodas in Buddhist temple, the application of the ideal of lotus was known to be effected only to Bulguksa temple. But from the result of the present article, it is more clearly proved by applying the Gameunsa temple that the distribution theory in the twin-pagodas in Buddhist temple was in fact based on the ideal of lotus.