• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 1993년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.65-70
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• 1993

The effect of particle size of Al powder, water repellent agent and finishing agent on frost resistance, absorption ratio and structure of micropore was examined to improve the physical properties and durability of ALC. According as the amount added of water repellent agent was increased, frost resistance was improved and absorption ratio was decreased. From one side freezing /thaw test, finishing agent which has a low vapor permeation located the crack at close indoor point of ALC specimen. ALC produced from fine Al powder has a low volume reduction by scalling and a sound appearance after freezing/thawing test and top surface freezing test, The crystal of tobermorite in ALC matrix was converted to calcium carbonate by carbonation which was accelerated with the decreasing of water content. Since the micropore of ALC was filled up by calcium carbonate, void ratio was reduced and crack was detected after complete carbonation.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.187-193
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• 2011

This study was carried out to establish most suitable freezing condition, to evaluate the different glycerol concentration of freezing and thawing rates on motility, viability, membrane integrity and acrosome intecrity of frozen Korean Jeju Black Bull spermatozoa, Semen was collected from a Korean Jeju Black Bull using an artificial vagina and transported to the laboratory. The semen was extended gradually 1:5 then cooled slowly for 2 hrs to 4$^{\circ}C$. The semen was diluted 1:1 with cryoprotectant extenders (3%, 5% and 7% glycerol) and equilibrated for 2 hrs at cold chamber and packed to 0.5 ml straws. The semen straws were located above 3 cm of liquid nitrogen for 5 minutes, above 5 cm for 10 min and above 8 cm for 10 min. And then the frozen straw was plunged into LN$_2$. The presented straws were examined the viability and motility after thawed at 37$^{\circ}C$ water bath. The viability and membrane integrity immediately post-thawing were significantly higher in samples frozen in 7% glycerol than 3% and 5% glycerol (p<0.05). After CTC staining to assess acrosome integrity, F pattern was significantly increased, but B pattern was significantly decreased in 7% glycerol (p<0.05). Freezing distance of 5 cm from liquid nitrogen and pre-cooling for 10 min yield better survival and membrane integrity, but not significant difference. However, AR pattern according to CTC staining was significantly decreased in 3 cm for 5 min.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.197-202
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• 2013

This study was aimed to find the storage potential of low temperature adapted shiitake mushroom under freezing temperature ($-3^{\circ}C$). Fresh shiitake mushroom was harvested at late Feb. and cooled to target temperature, $-3^{\circ}C$ in the cooling room for 24 hr. Cooled mushroom were then placed in plastic boxes, wrapped with plastic film ($30{\mu}m$), and stored at $-3^{\circ}C$ for 2 months. Weight loss of mushroom was ranged from 2.1 to 3.2%. Dry weight per unit fresh weight, however, was slightly increased because of moisture loss. Firmness of fruit body increased from $0.95kg/cm^{-2}$ (before storage) to $1.13kg/cm^{-2}$ (after 2 month storage). About half amount of starch was lost during 2 month storage. The amount of total and reducing sugars remained relatively constant. After storage, freshness of mushroom was recovered by thawing treatment. When recovered mushroom were packaged with styrofoam tray and PVC wrapping, and exposed to ambient and $10^{\circ}C$, respectively, brown spot on the gill of fruit body was found and slight decay symptom was also found at ambient temperature only but not at $10^{\circ}C$. Results indicated that low temperature adapted shiitake mushroom has a storage potential under freezing temperature ($-3^{\circ}C$). Freezing storage technology of fresh shiitake mushroom will contribute the increase of storability up to 2 months.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.135-144
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• 1995

겨울 동안에 일어나는 동결(凍結)과 해빙(解氷)과정에서 토양(土壤)내 용질의 이동(移動)양상을 구명하기 위하여 실내시험과 포장시험을 수행하였다. 실내 시험은 직경 5cm, 두께 0.2cm, 길이 1cm인 아크릴관을 30cm 길이로 연결하여 단열재로 싸 토주(土柱)를 제작하였다 상부 5cm 까지는 $KNO_3$를 20mmol/kg 수준으로 처리하여 수분함량(水分含量)을 조절하였다. 상부는 $-6{\sim}-8^{\circ}C$로 유지된 냉동실(冷凍室)에 그리고 하면은 $0.5{\sim}3.5^{\circ}C$로 유지된 냉장실(冷藏室)에 연결하여 토양(土壤)의 깊이 5cm까지 동결(凍結)시킨 후 꺼내어 1cm씩 절단한 뒤 $NO_3^-$, $NH_4^+$ 및 $K^+$의 함량(含量)을 분석하였다. 포장시험은 해발표고 840m인 대관령(大關嶺) 고령지시험장 포장과 해발고도 74m인 춘천(春川) 강원도농촌진흥원 포장에 직경 20cm, 길이 1m되는 토주(土柱)를 12월에 묻고 20cm까지 $KNO_3$를 50mmol/kg 수준으로 처리하여 동결(凍結)이 진행되는 기간과 해빙(解氷)된 후에 토양(土壤)시료를 채취하여 분석하였다. 실내 시험결과 동결(凍結)이 진행되면서 $NO_3^-$가 표면 부근으로 상승(上昇)하는 것이 확인 되었으며, 이는 동결(凍結)진행에 따른 수분(水分) 이동(移動)의 결과로 판단되었다. $K^+$도 표면 부근으로 상승(上昇)하였는데, 그 양은 $NO_3^-$의 1/5~1/10이었다. 포장시험결과 동결(凍結)진행에 따라서 실내시험과 비슷하게 표토로 상승(上昇)하는 것이 확인되었으며, 봄에 해동되면서 많은 양의 질소(窒素)가 손실(損失)되었다. 처리부위 20cm 이하로 용설(溶說)된 양은 처리된 질소(窒素)의 17~24%이었으며, 50cm 이하로 내려가지는 않았다. 용탈(溶脫)된 양을 제외한 토양단면(土壤斷面)에서 순 손실(損失)량은 8.7~39.5%로, 온도(溫度)가 낮고 눈이 많은 대관령(大關嶺)에서 손실량(損失量)이 춘천(春川)에서보다 많았으며, 투수속도가 느린 식양토(埴壤土)에서 미사질양토(微砂質壤土)보다 많았다. 이 같은 사실로 미루어 보아 겨울 동결(凍結)기간 중 질소(窒素)의 손실(損失)은 탈질(脫窒)과 용탈(溶脫) 이외에 해빙기(解氷期)에 표면에서부터 녹은 물의 지표유실에 따를 세탈(洗脫)에 의한 부분이 많은 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.262-265
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• 2003

Although enumerating bacterial cells is a fundamental step in understanding microbial ecosystems in marine environments, substantial decrease in bacterial counts with increasing sample storage time hampers the accurate estimation of bacterial biomass. We compared the variations in bacterial cell numbers caused by freezing and thawing of sample bottles or slides. Bacterial counts of seawater samples frozen only once in a sampling bottle yielded approximately 95％ of the original numbers after 90 days, whereas 80％ of the original count was obtained for samples prepared on slides. Only 67％ and 58％ of the original counts were recovered in samples repeatedly frozen and thawed in bottles or on slides, respectively. The results indicated that freezing a seawater sample in a bottle increased the consistency of the epifluorescence microscopic enumeration of bacterial cells.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.35-40
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• 1996

This study was carried out to select the best cryoprotectant and to establish optimal concentration of the cryoprotectant in ultrarapid freezing of mouse 4-cell embryos and morulae, respectively. We investigated survival of ultrarapid frozen embryos according to various cryoprotectants such as glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Suvival of the embryos frozen at different concentrations (3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 M) of indivisual cryoprotectant was also tested. Preimplantation developmental rate (96.3%, 83/86) of 4-cell mouse embryos treated with 4.0 M ethylene glycol after ultrarapid freezing and thawing was higher than those of other cryoprotectants (glycerol, propylene glycol and DMSO). In the ultrarapid freezing of mouse morulae, the highest developmental rate (98.8%, 89 /90) of the embryos to blastocysts was shown in the group of 5.0 M glycerol. Thus, these results demonstrate that 4.0 M ethylene glycol and 5.0 M glycerol are optimal for ultrarapid freezing of 4-cell mouse embryos and morulae, respectively.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.213-222
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• 2023

Cryopreservation is an option for the preservation of pre- or post-pubertal female or male fertility. This technique not only is beneficial for human clinical applications, but also plays a crucial role in the breeding of livestock and endangered species. Unfortunately, frozen germ cells, including oocytes, sperm, embryos, and spermatogonial stem cells, are subject to cryoinjury. As a result, various cryoprotective agents and freezing techniques have been developed to mitigate this damage. Despite extensive research aimed at reducing apoptotic cell death during freezing, a low survival rate and impaired cell function are still observed after freeze-thawing. In recent decades, several cell death pathways other than apoptosis have been identified. However, the relationship between these pathways and cryoinjury is not yet fully understood, although necroptosis and autophagy appear to be linked to cryoinjury. Therefore, gaining a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cryoinjury could aid in the development of new strategies to enhance the effectiveness of the freezing of reproductive tissues. In this review, we focus on the pathways through which cryoinjury leads to cell death and propose novel approaches to enhance freezing efficacy based on signaling molecules.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.267-271
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• 2015

고품질 오디 냉동과를 생산하기 위한 최적의 냉동 조건을 알아보고자 냉동 온도에 따른 오디의 품질변화를 연구하였다. 오디를 수확 직후 -20, -45, $-70^{\circ}C$에서 즉시 냉동하고 24 시간 후 $-20^{\circ}C$냉동고로 옮겨 보관하며 실험을 진행하였다. 냉동 오디를 $4^{\circ}C$에서 해동한 후 다양한 품질 특성을 분석하였다. 오디의 색도와 pH, 고형분 함량 등은 냉해동 전후에 따른 유의적 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 유리당과 anthocyanidin의 함량은 냉해동 후에 유의적으로 감소하였다. 해동 후 손실률은 냉동 온도가 감소할수록 증가하는 특이한 양상을 보였다. 과의 강도는 해동 후 모두 감소하였는데 냉동 온도와의 상관관계는 나타나지 않았다. 냉동과의 단면을 전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과, 냉동 온도별 형태 차이는 발견되지 않았다. 냉해동을 거친 후 총 호기성 세균의 숫자는 10% 감소하였으나 곰팡이와 효모의 숫자는 유의적 감소는 일어나지 않았다. 고품질 냉동 오디 생산을 위한 최적의 냉동 조건을 산업체에 제시하기 위해서는 추가적인 연구가 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.83-91
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• 2011

This study aimed to investigate the engineering and environmental characteristics of phosphogypsum-cement-soil mixtures composed of phosphogypsum, soil, and a small amount of cement was analysed on the basis of the unconfined compression test, the tensile strength test, the freezing and thawing test, the wetting and drying test, SEM and EDS analysis, XRD analysis and Leaching test. The specimens were manufactured with soil, cement and phosphogypsum. The cement contents was 10 %, and the phosphogypsum contents was 10, 20, 30, and 40 % by the weight of total dry soil. Each specimen was manufactured after curing at constant temperature and humidity room for 3, 7 and 28 days, after which the engineering characteristics of phosphogypsum-cement-soil mixtures were investigated using the unconfined compression test, the tensile strength test, the freezing and thawing test, the wetting and drying test. The basic data were presented for the application of phosphogypsum-cement-soil mixtures as construction materials. To investigate the environmental characteristics, leaching test was performed and the leaching test results were far below than of regulatory requirement of Waste Management Act in Korea. Therefore the results show that phosphogypsum is environmentally safe and can be used as construction materials in environmental aspect.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2000년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.427-434
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• 2000

Hydraulic conductivity of soil-cement was measured as a function of some selected construction variables that are often encountered in practice. They are initial (or compaction) water content, delayed compaction after mixing, and repeated freezing and thawing. Sandy and clayey soils were used. The hardening agent used was a cement based soil stabilizer consisting of 80% of ordinary Portland cement and 20% of a combination of supplementary materials. Hydraulic conductivity of soil-cement with varying initial water content was, in trend, similar to that of compacted clay. Hydraulic conductivity of soil-cement decreased with increasing initial water content and reached its minimum when compacted wet of optimum water content. Pore size distributions of soil cement at different initial water contents were analyzed using mercury intrusion porosimetry. The analysis showed that dryer condition led to the formation of larger pores with lesser total pore volume; smaller pores with larger total pore volume at wetter condition. Hydraulic conductivity of soil-cement increased by orders in magnitude when specimen underwent delayed compaction of longer than 4 hours after mixing and repeated freezing and thawing.