• The Journal of Korean Medical History
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.31-61
• /
• 2013

Objective : The field of specialty in medicine origins from general or comprehensive theories of medicine. "Mokgwaillam" is a book of ophthalmology. However, its contents are from "Dongeuibogam" "Ahn" We need to compare "Mokgwaillam" with "Dongeuibogam" "Ahn" and find out how they are different or similar. Method : Contents comparison between "Mokgwaillam" and "Dongeuibogam" "Ahn" was conducted in contents movement, deletion, transformation and so on. Result : The most content of "Mokgwaillam" derived from "Dongeuibogam" "Ahn" even though "Mokgwaillam" adjusted several parts of "Dongeuibogam" "Ahn" as a book of ophthalmology. Conclusion : Because "Mokgwaillam" contents are not outright and remarkable in ophthalmology field, "Mokgwaillam" has its limit. On the contrast, we suggest that "Mokgwaillam" could represents speciating ophthalmology field in Traditional Korean Medicine. The reason is that "Mokgwaillam" tried to remake "Dongeuibogam" "Ahn" contents as a ophthalmologic book in some aspects ; contents movement, deletion, transformation and so on.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.21 no.11
• /
• pp.1572-1575
• /
• 2008

The xenotransplantation of pig organs and cells can be related with a risk of transmission of infectious diseases to human. Previous findings indicate that the regulatory region of PERV for retroviral transcription, replication and integration into the cellular DNA is located on the 5' Long Terminal Repeat (LTR). The objective of this study is the investigation of methylation and deletion status of the PERV 5' LTR region which can be used for regulating PERV expression. We compared the sequences of genomic DNA and bisulfite-treated genomic DNA from PK-15 cells expressing PERV to observe the methylation status of the 5' LTR. Our results showed that the CpG sites of U3 were methylated and methylation was inconsistent in the R and U5 regions. Also, variable numbers of 18 bp repeats and 21 bp repeats were detected on 5' LTR by sequencing analysis. The consistent U3 methylation might be indicative of host suppression of expression of the retroviruses.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.312-317
• /
• 2015

Depletion of intracellular zinc by N,N,N,N-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN) induces p53-mediated protein synthesis-dependent apoptosis of mouse cortical neurons. Here, we examined the requirement for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 as an upstream regulator of p53 in zinc depletion-induced neuronal apoptosis. First, we found that chemical inhibition or genetic deletion of PARP-1 markedly attenuated TPEN-induced apoptosis of cultured mouse cortical neurons. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of p53 occurred starting 1 h after TPEN treatment. Suggesting the critical role of PARP-1, the TPEN-induced increase of stability and activity of p53 as well as poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of p53 was almost completely blocked by PARP inhibition. Consistent with this, the induction of downstream pro-apoptotic proteins PUMA and NOXA was noticeably reduced by chemical inhibitors or genetic deletion of PARP-1. TPEN-induced cytochrome C release into the cytosol and caspase-3 activation were also blocked by inhibition of PARP-1. Taken together, these findings indicate that PARP-1 is essential for TPEN-induced neuronal apoptosis.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.107-111
• /
• 2005

C. elegans DLK-1 has been reported to play an important role in synaptogenesis by shaping the structure of presynaptic terminal. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern and regulation of the dlk-1 gene in C. elegans. To determine the expression pattern, we made a dlk-1::gfp fusion construct, named pPDdg1, which consisted of -2.2 kb 5' upstream region, the first exon, the first intron, and a part of the second exon of the dlk-1 gene. By microinjecting this construct into the worm, we observed that the DLK-1::GFP was expressed mainly in neurons. We next examined the regulatory elements of gene expression by deletion analysis of pPDdg1. Removal of a large portion of the 5' upstream region (${\Delta}-361$ to -2246) of the gene had little effect on the expression pattern, whereas deletion of the first intron led to elimination of the DLK-1::GFP expression in most of the neurons. Our results suggest that the first intron of the C. elegans dlk-1 gene contains the regulatory element critical for gene expression.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.149-152
• /
• 2006

The sp%pl null mutant was constructed to study the function of fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe spThp1, which is homologous to budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae THP1. Tetrad analysis showed that the spThp1 is not essential for vegetative growth. The spThp1 null mutant also showed no massive poly(A)+ RNA export defect. However, spThp1 null is genetically associated with spMex67 null. These results suggest that spThp1 is involved in mRNA export out of the nucleus.

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.50 no.6
• /
• pp.467-474
• /
• 2022

Autophagy serves as a survival mechanism and plays important role in nutrient recycling under conditions of starvation, nutrient storage, ad differentiation of plant pathogenic fungi. However, autophagy-related genes have not been investigated in Colletotrichum scovillei, a causal agent of pepper fruit anthracnose disease. ATG8 is involved in autophagosome formation and is considered a marker of autophagy. Therefore, we generated an ATG8 deletion mutant, ΔCsatg8, via homologous recombination to determine the functional roles of CsATG8 in the development and virulence of C. scovillei. Compared with the wild-type, the deletion mutant ΔCsatg8 exhibited a severe reduction in conidiation. Conidia produced by ΔCsatg8 were defective in survival, conidial germination, and appressorium formation. Moreover, conidia of ΔCsatg8 showed reduced lipid amount and PTS1 selectivity. A virulence assay showed that anthracnose development on pepper fruits was reduced in ΔCsatg8. Taken together, our results suggest that CsATG8 plays various roles in conidium production and associated development, and virulence in C. scovillei.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.48 no.11
• /
• pp.1252-1255
• /
• 2005

Abnormalities in the levels of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) are not associated with clinical disease and they do not require treatment. Congenital TBG deficiency is inherited in an X-linked manner. To date, some complete and partial TBG variants and one polymorphism have been identified by analysis of the TBG gene. Two male neonates were referred to us because of their low $T_4$ levels that were noted on the neonatal screening test. They showed normal levels of free $T_4$ and TSH. Their serum TBG was not detectable and those values of their parents were within the normal ranges. The genomic DNA was extracted from their white blood cells and the four coding exons of the TBG gene were amplified by using polymerase chain reaction. Sequencing of the four coding regions and all the intron/exon junctions revealed a single nucleotide deletion of the first base of the codon 352 of the mature protein in both of the neonates. This mutation resulted in a frameshift and a premature stop codon (TGA) 374. Their mothers were shown to be heterozygotes. We detected a single nucleotide deletion resulting in a frameshift in two male Korean neonates who had complete TBG deficiency.

• Genomics & Informatics
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.22-29
• /
• 2018

Incorporation of unique barcodes into fission yeast gene deletion collections has enabled the identification of gene functions by growth fitness analysis. For fine tuning, it is important to examine barcode sequences, because mutations arise during strain construction. Out of 8,708 barcodes (4,354 strains) covering 88.5% of all 4,919 open reading frames, 7,734 barcodes (88.8%) were validated as high-fidelity to be inserted at the correct positions by Sanger sequencing. Sequence examination of the 7,734 high-fidelity barcodes revealed that 1,039 barcodes (13.4%) deviated from the original design. In total, 1,284 mutations (mutation rate of 16.6%) exist within the 1,039 mutated barcodes, which is comparable to budding yeast (18%). When the type of mutation was considered, substitutions accounted for 845 mutations (10.9%), deletions accounted for 319 mutations (4.1%), and insertions accounted for 121 mutations (1.6%). Peculiarly, the frequency of substitutions (67.6%) was unexpectedly higher than in budding yeast (~28%) and well above the predicted error of Sanger sequencing (~2%), which might have arisen during the solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis and PCR amplification of the barcodes during strain construction. When the mutation rate was analyzed by position within 20-mer barcodes using the 1,284 mutations from the 7,734 sequenced barcodes, there was no significant difference between up-tags and down-tags at a given position. The mutation frequency at a given position was similar at most positions, ranging from 0.4% (32/7,734) to 1.1% (82/7,734), except at position 1, which was highest (3.1%), as in budding yeast. Together, well-defined barcode sequences, combined with the next-generation sequencing platform, promise to make the fission yeast gene deletion library a powerful tool for understanding gene function.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.38 no.5
• /
• pp.387-392
• /
• 1995

To study the regulatory expression mechanism of soybean glycinin gone, Gy2, the 5' upstream region of the gene was searched for the presence of putative regulatory elements by nucleotide sequencing. It revealed various kinds of regulatory sequence elements commonly found in plant storage protein genes. There were canonical promoter sequences, TATA box (TATAAT) and AGGA box (GAAT) which are common in the 5' upstream region of the plant genes. The embryo factor binding sequence, RY repeat, CACA sequences, ${\alpha}$-conglycinin enhancer-like sequences were also found. To delineate the function of these sequences, 5' upstream deletion mutants of Gy2 were prepared and fused to the ${\alpha}$-glucuronidase (GUS) gene. Each chimeric construct was transferred into soybean protoplasts for transient assay, which led to the identification of the sequences between -281 and -223, -170 and -122, of Gy2 promoter as negative regulatory elements, and the sequences between -223 and -170, -122 and -16 as positive regulatory elements. These results are consistent in transformed tobacco plants as well. The serially deleted promoter fragments fused to the GUS were transformed into Nicotiana tabacum by Agrobacterium tumefaciens using the binary vector system. GUS activity of Gy2 promoter deletion constructs was detected only in seeds but not in leaves with different levels of expression as in transient assay. These results suggest that the glycinin Gy2 promoter drives a tissue-specific expression in transgenic tobacco plants.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.15-20
• /
• 2008

Purpose : Large exon deletions in the DMD gene are found in about 60% of DMD/BMD patients. Multiplex PCR has been employed to detect the deletion mutation, which frequently generates noise PCR products due to the presence of multiple primers in a single reaction as well as the stringency of PCR conditions. This often leads to a false-negative or false-positive result. To address this problematic issue, we introduced the dual primer oligonucleotide (DPO) system. DPO contains two separate priming regions joined by a polydeoxyinosine linker that results in high PCR specificity even under suboptimal PCR conditions. Methods : We tested 50 healthy male controls, 50 patients with deletion mutation as deletion-positive patient controls, and 20 patients with no deletions as deletion-negative patient controls using DPO-multiplex PCR. Both the presence and extent of deletion were verified by simplex PCR spanning the promoter region (PM) and 18 exons including exons 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 13, 17, 19, 43-48, 50-52, and 60 in all 120 controls. Results : DPO-multiplex PCR showed 100% sensitivity and specificity for the detection a deletion. However, it showed 97.1% sensitivity and 100% specificity for determining the extent of deletions. Conclusion : The DPO-multiplex PCR method is a useful molecular test to detect large deletions of DMD for the diagnosis of patients with DMD/BMD because it is easy to perform, fast, and cost-effective and has excellent sensitivity and specificity.