• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.37-56
• /
• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and microbiological outcomes following the use of 30% minocycline-loaded polycaprolacton film and 2% minocycline-loaded gel that was applied locally into pockets combined with scaling and root planing. 25 human subjects who were non-pregnant, non-lactating, aged 20-50 and diagnosed as moderate to advanced adult periodontitis were enrolled. Subjects were excluded if they had a history of severe acute or chronic systemic disease, if they required antibiotic prophylaxis for dental treatment for any reason, or if they reported a history suggestive of hypersensitivity reactions to minocycline or tetracycline. 4quadrants that had several teeth with a 5-8mm probing pocket depth and radiographic evidence of alveolar bone loss for each patient were selected and divided into test sites and control sites according to the split-mouth design. Scaling and root planing was done for each site at baseline(0week). Test sites received the minocycline gel and strip and control sites had saline irrigation. The patients received both treatments simyltaneously. Subgingival irrigation of sterile saline was applied to the control sites for approximately 30 seconds. Minocycline strip and gel was applied into the periodontal pocket at 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks each after scaling and root planing in the test sites. The clinical and microbiological measurements were made at baseline and at the follow-up visits 6, 10, 14, 20 weeks. The results of this study were as follows; 1. The sulcular bleeding index, probing pocket depth and Periocheck test was significantly reduced and the relative proportions of spirochetes and motile rods were significantly reduced and the proportion of cocci was correspondingly increased, in locally delivered minocycline strip group compared to saline irrigation group. 2. In locally delivered minocycline gel group, The effect was the same with minocycline strip group as compared with saline irrigation therapy. 3. There was no significant differences between minocycline strip group and minocycline gelgroup. In conclusion, minocycline HCl local drug delivery combined with scaling and root planing may provide added improvement of clinical and microbiological responses by inhibiting bacterial recolonization of treated sites. It is suggested that the local administration of minocycline-HCl in the periodontal pocket is effective when combined with subgingival mechanical debridement.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.144-154
• /
• 1994

Final goal of periodontal treatment is to reconstruct the destructed periodontal tissue as well as to remove the necrotic pathologic elements. The purpose of this study is to investigate on the effect of Zizyphi extract to the inhibitory ability on collagenolytic activity of P gingivalis, biologic activity of gingival fibroblasts, and on the collagen and protein synthesis of gingival fibroblasts. Gingival fibroblast from giniva of first bicuspids from patient for orthodontic treatment were used and cultured. For the measurement of inhibitory ability of collagenolytic activity, crude enzyme was extracted and used on the basis of modified Ono's method. On the inhibition of collagenolytic enzyme from herbal extracts, collagenokit CLN-100 were used. The cellular activity of gingival fibroblast, were studied using MTT solution and measured optical density on 570mm by ELISA reader. To measure the effects on the ability of whole protein and collagen synthesis, cell membrane was destructed with ultrasonic grinder after culturing, centrifuged and counted by liquid scintilation counter. The inhibitory effects on producing of $IL-l{\beta}$ by monocyte, after promotion of producing $IL-l{\beta}$ by LPS, were compared with the mixture of herbal extracts and other drugs using thymocyte stimulation assay. About inhibitory effects of $PGF_2$. by gingival fibroblasts, herbal extract was compared with the addition of the other control groups using enzyme imunoassay. On the inhibition of collagenolytic activity by P. gingivalis, benzene extracts showed the most efficient inhibitory effects among the $19{\mu}g/ml$ of the compared extracts and 40.5% by Tetracycline. On the cellular activity promoting effects, compared extracts showed a bit of more effects than PDGF of $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentration and IGF of $20{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. All of the PDGF, IGF, Zizyphi Fructus extract should increase in collagen synthesis, but especially 70% ethylalcohol extracts of Zizyphi Fructus showed comparably high effects among the compared extracts. Effects on whole protein synthesis were slightly increased on every extract but especially 70% ethylalcohol extract showed significantly effective than any other estract. On the inhibitory effects of Zizyphi Fructus $IL-l{\beta}$ production by monocyte, compared extracts showed 70% of highly inhibitory effect than that of 60% inhibition effects on controlled group and each extracts showed no significant difference. In $PGF_2$ production inhibitroy effect of Zizyphi Fructus gingival fibroblasts, Herbal extracts showed 70% of inhibition comparing with tat of 90.2% of controlled group, but each extracts showed similar effects excluding the $H_2O$ extracts. These results suggested that Zizyphi Fructus might be useful medicine for inhibition of inflammatory mediator including $IL-l{\beta}$ and $PGF_2$.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.93-98
• /
• 2016

Objectives : Hwangheuk-san is a complex prescription composed of oriental traditional medicine and has been reported for antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer effects in the recent study. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of important causes of fatal infectious diseases such as septicemia, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). S. aureus is reported as being for a variety of human diseases and its epidemiological relevance is mainly due to their ability of becoming highly resistant to common antimicrobials such as tetracycline, penicillin, cphalosporin and aminoglycoside. The objective of this study is to determine the antimicrobial effect of Hwangheuk-san ethanol extracts (HHS) and synergistic effects with antibiotics oxacillin against MRSA.Methods : The antimicrobial activity of HHS was measured by the disc diffusion method, broth microdilution method and the checkerboard dilution test, time-kill curve assay was performed to investigate synergistic effects with antibiotics oxacillin against MRSA.Results : HHS showed antimicrobial activity against MRSA with a MIC value of 125 ㎍/㎖. In the checkerboard test, the interaction of HHS with antibiotics oxacillin produced almost synergy or partial synergy against MRSA. This study showed that HHS reduced the MICs of oxacillin tested, and a remarkable antibacterial effect of HHS, with membrane permeability enhancers.Conclusions : These results suggest that HHS has the antimicrobial effect and synergistic effects with antibiotics oxacillin against MRSA. This study thus can be a valuable source for the development of a new drug with low MRSA resistance.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
• /
• 1984.09a
• /
• pp.37-43
• /
• 1984

노화는 모든 다세포 유기물의 특징이다. 노화가 됨에 따라서 효소활성 및 면역반응의 감소와 과산화지질과 지방갈색물질의 축적, 효소와 염색질을 포함하는 단백질 구조의 변화, 호르몬계의 불균형 등이 일어난다. 그렇지만, 노화가 어떻게 일어나는지에 관하여는 현재까지 확실하지 않다. 본 연구진은 노화와 관련된 효소들에 관하여 연구를 하여 왔으며, 노화가 진행되는 동안의 효소의 활성을 유지시켜주거나, 또는 효소의 활성이 감소되는 것을 지연시켜 주는 물질을 찾고자 노력하였다. 그 가운데 하나로서, 고려인삼 추출물을 흰쥐에 기간별로 투여하여 효소활성의 차이, 열에 대한 안정성, 기질에 대한 친화력, 전기 영동 상의 이동성과 면역적인 반응을 대조군과 비교하였다. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphog-luconate dehydrogenase, glutathione redutease, glutathion peroxidase와 같은 노화와 관련된 효소들의 활성을 고려인삼 추출물을 1개월간 흰쥐에 ($60{\~}80$g)투여하여 대조군과 비교 조사하였으나, 별 차이가 없었다. 그러나 고려인삼 추출물을 15개월간 투여하였을 때에는 이러한 노화관련 효소들의 활성이 급격히 증가함이 ($70{\~}200\%$) 관찰되었다. 예견된 바와 같이, 효소의 열에 대한 안정성과 기질에 대한 친화력도 증가함이 관찰되었다. 그러나 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase의 경우에서 전기영동상의 차이 및 면역적인 반응은 대조군과 유사하였다. 이상의 결과는 고려인삼 추출물이 노화와 관련된 효소들의 활성이 감소되는 것을 지연시켜줄 수 있으며, 노화를 어느정도 지연시켜 줄 수 있음을 의미한다. 이와 같은 결과를 포함한 실험자료를 국제 인삼심포지움에서 발표할 것이다.$-tocopherol의 항 산화작용을 더욱 효과적으로 촉진 시킬 것으로 생각된다.-L(독성 호르몬-L)의 작용을 억제함으로서 암환자의 체중 감소를 방지하고, 식욕감퇴를 개선할것으로 생각된다.해되었으며, $Rb_{1}$은 장내의 효소와 tetracycline-resistantant bacteria에 의해 Rd와 2 종류의 미확인 물질로 분해되었다.xA_{2}$ synthetase 억제제인 imidazole의 효과와 유사하였다. 4. G-Re는 $1{\times}10^{-5}g/ml$ 이하의 농도에서는 효과가 없으나 $1{\times}10^{-4}g/ml$ 이상의 농도에서 농도의존적으로 유의성 있는 $PGE_{2},\;PGF_{2}{\alpha},\;TXB_{2}$의 생성억제와 함께 6-keto-$PGF_{1}{\alpha}$ 증가를 보였다. 이는 prostacyclin synthetase를 자극하는 serotonin의 효과와 같은 작용으로서 prostacyclin synthetase 억제제인 tranylcypromine에 대하여 길항효과를 보였다. 5. $TxB_{2}$생성억제 작용을 나타내는 ginsenoside들의 효과를 뒷받침하기 위하여 인삼 saponin 성분을 전처치한 patelet rich plasma에서 혈소판 응집시험 결과, ADP로 유도된 혈소판 응집반응에는 모든 인삼 saponin 성분들이 효과가 없었으나 arachidonic acid로 유도된 혈소판 응집반응에는 $G-Rb_{2}$, G-Rc, G-Re의 순으로 농도 의존적인 억제현상을 보였다. 이상의 결과와 같이 인삼 saponin 성분들은 arachidonic acid로부터 cyclooxygenase를

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.85-96
• /
• 2014

Total 99 strains of Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 117 cases of duck's fecal samples. Among 99 strains of Campylobacter spp. isolates, 93 strains (93.9%) were C. jejuni and 6 strains (6.1%) were C. coli. Prevalence of virulence and GBS associated genes of 72 C. jejuni isolates was determined by m-PCR. Among the 10 kinds of virulence associated genes, cadF, dnaJ, flaA and ceuE genes were detected in all of C. jejuni isolates from ducks, racR, pldA, iamA, ciaB, virB11 and docC genes were 87.5%, 84.7%, 77.8%, 48.6%, 13.9% and 11.1%, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed on 72 C. jejuni isolates. The rate of resistance were 62.5% for oxytetracycline, 55.6% for kanamycin, 54.2% for enrofloxacin, 50% for ciprofloxacin, 37.5% for tetracycline and nalidixic acid, 18.1% for ampicillin, 15.3% for streptomycin, and 6.9% for ofloxacin. All isolates were susceptible to erythromycin. The adherence (intracellular and extracellular bacteria) abilities of the 20 isolates to INT-407 cells were between $4.21{\pm}1.27{\times}10^4$ CFU/well and $1.053{\pm}0.451{\times}10^6$ CFU/well from the isolates of cj-55 and cj-52, respectively, and that can be expressed as 0.1033% to 5.2655% to the infecting inoculum. The invasion (intracellular bacteria) abilities of the 20 isolates to INT-407 were between $1.00{\pm}1.73{\times}10^3$ CFU/well and $8.47{\pm}5.16{\times}10^4$ CFU/well from the isolates of cj-13 and cj-47, respectively, and that can be expressed as 0.0050% to 0.4235% to the infecting inoculums. The average CFU/well of 20 campylobacters isolated from ducks for adherence to and invasion were $2.646{\pm}2.886{\times}10^5$ and $3.03{\pm}2.7{\times}10^4$ respectively, and that was $1.3230{\pm}1.2139%$ and $0.1516{\pm}0.1343%$ of the starting viable inoculum. There was considerable correlation ($R^2$=0.627) between the adherence and invasion ability of C. jejuni isolates for INT-407 cell.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.229-235
• /
• 1986

1984년 5월부터 1985년 5월까지 대구(大邱), 경북(慶北), 경남(慶南) 및 충남지역(忠南地域) 7개(個) 양돈장(養豚場)의 자돈(仔豚) 및 성돈(成豚)의 분변(糞便) 및 양돈장(養豚場)의 흙, 하수(下水), 사료(飼料), 추비(推肥), 쥐 등 7,440예(例)와 대구시(大邱市) 도축장(屠畜場)의 도축돈(屠畜豚) 장간막임파절(腸間膜淋巴節) 및 직장내용물(直腸內容物) 555예(例)로부터 분리(分離)한 319주(株)의 Salmonelia속균(屬菌)을 대상으로 항균제(抗菌劑)에 대한 내성(耐性) 및 전달성(傳達性) R plasmid의 분포상황(分布狀況)을 조사(詞査)하였던 바 그 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 공시균(供試菌) 319주(株) 중(中) 250주(株)(78.4%)가 ampicillin(An), chloramphenicol(Cm), gentamicin(Gm), kanamycin(Km), nalidixic acid(Na), rifampicin(Rf), streptomycin(Sm), sulfadimethoxine(Su), 또는 tetracycline(Tc)에 내성(耐性)을 나타내었으며, 약제별(藥劑別)로는 Su(74.9%), Sm(53.0%) 및 Tc(28.5%)에 높은 내성(耐性)이 인정(認定)되었다. 2. 내성균(耐性菌) 250주(株)의 전달성(傳達性) R plasmid 보유율(保有率)은 51.2%(128주(株))였으며, 약제별(藥劑別)로는 Am경우 100%, Tc 92. 3% 및 Cm 75.0% 순으로 보유율(保有率)이 높았다. 3. 내성균(耐性菌) 250주(株)의 내성양상(耐性樣相)은 SmSu(91주(株)), Su(59주(株)) 및 TcSmSu(50주(株))내성형(耐性型)이 대부분이었고 R plasmid 전달후(傳達後)의 내성양상(耐性樣相)은 TcSmSu(40주(株)) 및 TcSu(28주(株)) 내성형(耐性型)이 많았다. 4. 양돈장별(養豚場別) 내성균(耐性菌) 출현빈도(出現頻度)는 48.0~93.6%로 다양(多樣)하였고, 전달성(傳達性) R plasmid 보유율(保有率)은 0~77.8%로 내성균(耐性菌) 출현빈도(出現頻度)와 일치(一致)되지 않았다. 5. 공시균(供試菌) 319주(株) 중(中) 각각(各各) 2주(株)는 Rf 및 Gm에 대해 내성(耐性)을 나타내었고, 내성균(耐性菌) 250주(株) 중(中) 73.2%(183주(株))가 다제내성(多劑耐性)이었으므로 Salmonella의 다제내성화(多劑耐性化) 경향(傾向)이 있었다. 6. 내성균(耐性菌) 250주(株) 중(中) R plasmid 전달후(傳達後) 5주(株)는 TcAmCmSmSu내성형(耐性型), 1주(株)는 TcAmKmSmSu내성형(耐性型)임이 확인되었다.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.283-292
• /
• 1986

Isolation and identification of Mycoplasma were performed to clarify Mycoplasma infection of mice fed by conventional feeding at two ($K_1$, $K_2$) institutes in Korea. The twenty mice to be tested were randomly sampled from each of 10 breeding colonies in respective institute. Identification of the Mycoplasma strains isolated from the nasal cavity, lung and synovia of mice was made according to the morphology of colonies, biological and biochemical properties with special reference to M. pulmonis, M. arthrotodis and M. neurolyticum. In addition, growth inhibition test was performed using hyperimmune rabbit antisera to the strain PG-22 of M. pulmonis, the strain PG-6 of M, arthritidis and the strain PG-28 of M. neurolyticum and also differentiation of isolates from L-form bacteria was dont by Dieses staining and culture method with passage of the isolates on liquid media eliminated antibacterial drug. On the other hand, a total of 13 strains out of the 44 isolated M. pulmonis from mice was investigated for their susceptibility against 16 antibiotics in vitro. The antibiotic sensitivity test was made using $3{\times}10^4$ organisms/0.3ml on each plate(90mm diameter) with antibiotic mono-or tri-disk. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Out of 20 mice from 10 breeding colonies in Kl institute, mycoplasma-like strains from the nasal cavity of 16 mice(80%) and from the lung of 8 mice(40%) were isolated, while out of 20 mice in K2 institute, M-like strains were isolated from the nasal cavity of 14 mice(70%) and from the lung of 6 mice(30%). However, no mycoplasma-like organisms were isolated from the synovia of the 40 mice examined. All the 44 strains isolated were identified as the organisms of M. pulmonis. 2. Out of the 16 antibiotics tested, penicillin, oleandomycin and bacitracin showed no activity against all the 13 M. pulmonis strains. On the contrary, lincomycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, minocycline, kanamycin, gentamycin and tobramycin showed high activity with three different antibiotic concentration of tridisk, but amikasin and spiramycin showed intermediate activity. Other antibiotics such as polymyxin B and colistin showed low activity, while erythromycin showed lower activity than others.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.19 no.11
• /
• pp.1499-1505
• /
• 2009

This study was carried out between August and September 2007 to determine the causative agents and epidemiologic features of rabbit dermatitis in Korea. Rabbits were shipped to the laboratory in the College of Veterinary Medicine from 10 rabbit farms. A total of 520 hair, blood, and skin specimens collected from skin lesions of 40 rabbits with suspected dermatopathy were examined mycologically, bacteriologically, and parasitologically. The positive rates of dermatophytosis, bacterial skin dermatitis, and ectoparasite dermatitis were 95, 92.5, and 7.5%, respectively. The etiologic agents of dermatophytosis were identified as Trichophyton mentagrophyte (95%), non-dermatophytic filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus s(5%), and Cryptococcus humilocus (2.5%). With respect to bacteria-related skin dermatitis, Staphylococcus coagulase negative was the most common etiological agent. Staphylococcus aureus was the second most frequent causative agent. Most of the pathogenic isolates were resistant to tetracycline, and aminoglycosides such as amikacin and gentamicin were the most effective drugs against the pathologic bacteria isolated. Ectoparasites were rarely detected in this study. Only Psoroptes cuniculis was detected in 3 (7.5%) out of the 40 tested rabbits. The role of ectoparasites as a causative agent of dermatitis in rabbits in this study was minimal. Our results provide important information related to rabbit dermatitis treatments and researches.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.89-99
• /
• 1998

약효(藥效) 및 안정성(安定性)이 입증(立證)된 한약(韓藥)으로부터 새로운 항균제(抗菌劑)를 도출(導出)하고자, 임상(臨床)에서 청열작용(淸熱作用)이 있거나 염증성(炎症性) 질환(疾患)과 박테리아의 감염(感染)으로 비롯된 질환(疾患)에 자주 쓰이는 22개(個)의 처방(處方)에 대(對)해 paper disk 법(法)을 사용(使用)하여 항균(抗菌) 효능(效能)을 검색(檢索)하였다. 시료(試料)는 한약(韓藥)의 고용(股用) 방법(方法)을 고려(考慮)하여 물로 추출(抽出)하였으며, 사용(使用) 균주(菌柱)로는 그람 양성균(陽性菌)인 포도상구균(葡萄狀球菌)과 고초균(枯草菌) 그리고 그람 음성균(陰性菌)인 대장균(大腸菌)과 녹농균(綠膿菌)을 사용(使用)하였고, 대조물질(對照物質)로는 tetracycline을 사용(使用)하여 상법(常法)에 의(依)해 실험(實驗)하였다. 22개(個)의 처방(處方) 가운데 백두옹탕(白頭翁湯), 황연해독탕(黃連解毒湯), 증황연황연해독탕(增黃連黃連解毒湯), 사심탕(瀉心湯), 용담사간탕(龍膽瀉肝湯), 선방활명음(仙方活命飮) 등(等)의 처방(處方)이 탁월(卓越)한 항균(抗菌) 활성(活性)을 보였다. 이 가운데 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 탕제(湯劑)의 구성(構成) 약재(藥材)가 다른 처방(處方)들에 비(比)해 비교적(比較的) 다양(多樣)한 선방활명음(仙方活命飮)에 대(對)해 활성(活性) 성분(成分)의 규명(糾明) 및 구성(構成) 약재간(藥材間)의 상화작용(相互作用)을 밝히고자 하였다. 선방활명음(仙方活命飮) 5 kg을 메탄올 (MeOH)로 추출(抽出)한 뒤 우수(優秀)한 항균(抗菌) 활성(活性)을 보인 에칠아세테이트 (EtOAc) 분획(分劃)에 대(對)하여 silica gel 및 Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography를 반복(反復)하여 stilbene 계열(系列)의 화합물(化合物)인 Rhapontigenin (Compound 1)과 Rhaponticin (Compound 2)을 얻었다. S. aureus SG 511에 대(對)해 Rhapontigenin은 50 mg/ml 이상(以上) 농도(濃度)에서 항균(抗菌) 효과(效果)를 나타내었고, Rhaponticin은 $200\;mg/m{\ell}$ 농도(濃度)에서 미약(微弱)하게 유효(有效)한 항균(抗菌) 효과(效果)를 나타내었으며, B. subtilis ATCC 6633에 대(對)해 Rhapontigenin은 50 mg/ml 이상(以上) 농도(濃度)에서 항균(抗菌) 효과(效果)를 나타내었고, Rhaponticin은 200 mg/ml 농도(濃度)에서 우수(優秀)한 항균(抗菌) 효과(效果)를 나타내었으며, 100 mg/ml 농도(濃度)에서 미약(微弱)하게 유효(有效)한 항균(抗菌) 효과(效果)를 나타내었다. 또한 E. coli 055에 대(對)해서는 Rhapontigenin과 Rhaponticin 모두 200 mg/ml 농도(濃度)에서 미약(微弱)하게 유효(有效)한 항균(抗菌) 효과(效果)를 나타내었다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)로 보아 선방활명음(仙方活命飮)의 항균(抗菌) 효능(效能)은 군약(君藥)인 대황(大黃)의 성분(成分) 중(中)의 하나인 stilbene 계열(系列)의 화합물(化合物)인 Rhapontigenin과 Rhaponticin의 작용(作用)에 의(依)한 것이며, 이는 한의학(韓醫學) 방제(方劑) 원리(原理)인 군신좌사(君臣佐使) 이론(理論)에서 군약(君藥)이 주증(主症)에 주(主)로 작용(作用)하는 약물(藥物)이라는 것을 밝혀주는 것이라고 사료(思料)된다.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.361-368
• /
• 2011

The growth rate of piglets will be decreased and the mortality of piglets will be increased in the postpartum sow with mastitis. The aim of this study was to isolate microorganisms from milk samples found in postpartum sows with suckling piglets and to further investigate antimicrobial susceptibility against isolated bacteria. Milk samples were collected from 567 udders of 42 lactating sows and the isolated bacteria was then identified. Isolated bacteria were tested with 12 antimicrobial agents. Bacteria were isolated from 260 milk samples (64.5%). Staphylococcus spp. were the most common microorganisms (74.5%) isolated from sow milk, followed by Streptococcus hyicus (53.9%), Staphylococcus epidermis (11.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.8%), and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (53.9%). In the Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus pneumoniae (5.1%) was isolated as was Streptococcus sanguinis (3.8%) and Streptococcus ovis (2.9%). Results indicated that bacteria isolated from healthy sow milk were mostly susceptible to cephalothin (88.0%), amikacin (85.3%) and cefoxitin (82.4%), but were resistant to streptomycin (10.0%), kanamycin (33.1%) and tetracycline (19.6%).