• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.291-300
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• 2012

The incidence of condylar fractures is high,but the management of fractures of the mandibular condyle continues to be controversial. Historically, maxillomandibular fixation, external fixation, and surgical splints with internal fixation systems were the techniques commonly used in the treatment of the fractured mandible. Condylar fractures can be extracapsular or intracapsular, undisplaced, deviated, displaced, or dislocated. Treatment depends on the age of the patient, the co-existence of other mandibular or maxillary fractures, whether the condylar fracture is unilateral or bilateral, the level and displacement of the fracture, the state of dentition and dental occlusion, and the surgeonnds on the age of the patient, the co-existence of othefrom which it is difficult to recover aesthetically and functionally;an appropriate treatment is required to reconstruct the shape and achieve the function ofthe uninjured status. To do this, accurate diagnosis, appropriate reduction and rigid fixation, and complication prevention are required. In particular, as mandibular condyle fracture may cause long-term complications such as malocclusion, particularly open bite, reduced posterior facial height, and facial asymmetry in addition to chronic pain and mobility limitation, great caution should be taken. Accordingly, the authors review a general overview of condyle fracture.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.136-142
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• 1988

Between February, 1983, and March, 1987, thirty-one systemic-pulmonary shunts were performed in 28 patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease. Age ranged from 8 months to 28 years [mean age, 5.4 years, Weight ranged from 7 kg to 48 kg [mean weight, 16kg]. There were 4 classic Blalock-Taussig shunts, 5 central polytetrafluoroethylene shunts, 1 aorta-right pulmonary artery shunt with graft, and 21 modified Blalock-Taussig shunts. One patient required another shunt immediately due to insufficient pulmonary blood flow with patent graft. There was no postoperative death. Conduit diameters included 4mm [2 cases], 5 mm [22 cases], and 6 mm [3 cases]. Long term follow up was available in 27 patients [96.4%] with mean period of 20 months [range, 4 months to 49 months]. The effectiveness of shunt was evaluated by cardiac catheterization with angiography [15 patients] or clinically. They showed improvement of systemic oxygen saturation values by 12% and decrease of hemoglobin by 2.3gm/dl [P<0.01]. There were 2 shunt occlusion in central shunts at 32 and 48 months respectively, and one narrowing of graft in modified Blalock-Taussig shunt at 12 months. The patency rate was 91.6% at 24 months for 5 mm grafts in modified Blalock-Taussig shunt.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.395-403
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to investigate the main factors that affect turnover of Dental Hygienists so that it leads to preventing high turnover and long-term service in their position. Data were obtained from 112 dental hygienists who are currently working for dental clinics from September 17th 2007 to October 16th 2007 via questionnaires. For this study, the demographic factors and unique characteristics of Dental Hygienists are considered as well as all the variables of statistic. The results derived from using SPSS 11.0 are as follows: 1. The average of job related factors is 2.55 point, the average of job satisfaction is 2.59 point, the average of salary related factor is 2.24 point and the average of changing their occupation is 2.85 point. 2. The difference between the factors related to age and changing their occupation shows the highest level on job related factors.(pM0.033) in the age between 26 and 30. 3. Dental Hygienists who are in their occupation for 6years to 9 years answer that salary would be the main reason to change their jobs. 4. For married dental hygienists, salary related factor is the main reason to make them change their occupation.(pM0.002)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.445-451
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• 2012

We developed an age-based spawner-recruit model incorporating environmental variables to forecast stock biomass and recruits of pelagic fish in this study. We applied the model to the Tsushima stock of jack mackerel, which is shared by Korea and Japan. The stock biomass of jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) around Korean waters ranged from 141 thousand metric tons (mt) and 728 thousand mt and recruits ranged from 27 thousand mt to 283 thousand mt. We hind-casted the stock biomass to evaluate the model performance and robustness for the period of 1987~2009. It was found that the model has been useful to forecast stock biomass and recruits for the period of the lifespan of fish species. The model is also capable of forecasting the long-term period, assuming a certain climatic regime.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.337-362
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• 2002

The history and culture of using Zhu to help take food in China is a focal question in contemporary Chinese academic circle and leads to various conflicting ideas. This article, based on original historical documents, archaeological findings, cultural relic authentication, field investigation and the author's long-term thinking, comes up with a series of new conclusions. Firstly, Zhu emerged and developed along with cooked food and granular food served in bowls; secondly, there had been a period of using a single Zhu in China's history before two Zhus being used simultaneously; thirdly, the development of Zhu culture went through five historical periods, namely the former form, the interim form, the Jia form, the Zhu form and chopsticks form. In addition, the author gives out his unique viewpoints on some other relevant questions, including the Zhus which can be dated back to the Neolithic Age unearthed at Longqiuzhuang in Jiangsu province, Jiangzhai in Shanxi province etc, and the bronze utensils in the shape of Zhu unearthed in 1934 at Yin Dynasty ruins in Henan province.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Rural Health Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2006

Purpose: To compare of health inequalities between rural and urban areas in term of health status, health behaviors and medical care utilization by using national-wide data. Method: The data came from the 2000 and 2005 census data, 2004 death certification statistics and 2001 national health and nutrition survey. The health indicators used in this study were mortality, perceived health status, health related behaviors, morbidity, accidents and suicides, mental health-related factors, health care accessibility. Korean rural areas have been experiencing a rapid aging process and there are demographic differences between rural and urban populations. Thus, both of crude rates and age-adjusted rates were compared. Result: Although the degrees decreased after adjustment for age, health inequalities between areas still existed. The people who lived in rural areas suffer from higher mortality, morbidity and unhealthy behavior compared to people in urban areas. Especially, regional health inequalities for women were significant. Health care accessibility in rural areas was also lower and medical indirect costs for rural residents were higher than those of urban residents. Conclusion: To reduce health inequalities between geographical areas, political efforts to tackle health inequalities in the rural areas are required.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.23 no.A
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• pp.165-173
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper is to analysis of initial behavior of concrete pavement with initial measurement strain gauge for concrete pavement at field, and to investigate the field test results for field applicability testing. The early-age behaviors of concrete pavement slabs were measured using the strain gauges. From the slab depths and positions, the outputs from each gauges were recorded at initial curing period. The initial measurement of concrete pavement and check of crack at the joint were performed, the results could be summarized as follows. From the results of concrete strength, compressive strength and flexural strength were showed $271kgf/cm^2$, $43kgf/cm^2$ respectively. From the tests of early-age strain measurement, it was found that the strain varied at the maximum value of $150{\mu}{\varepsilon}$ and early behavior of concrete slab was showed a tensile strain. However, for long-term was showed a compressive strain due to dry-shrinkage.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.12-22
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was done to investigate factors associated with depression and quality of life (QoL) among the community-dwelling elderly. Methods: This study used a descriptive correlational research design. The subjects were 730 elders aged over 65 living in D district of Daegu. Data were collected using questionnaires for 30 days in April, 2007. The research instruments utilized in this study were a physical function scale of long-term care insurance system, Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form Korea Version (GDSSF-K), and Korean Quality of Life Scale (KoQoLs). The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan, stepwise multiple regression, and Spearman correlation. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 72.6, and 68.8% and 57.9% of subjects were, respectively, female and living alone. 12.3% of variance in depression was explained by age, education, economic status, subjective health, alcohol consumption, condition of teeth, and fall experience. 18.2% of variance in QoL was explained by economic status, number of diseases, condition of teeth, incontinence, paralysis, and IADL. Economic status and condition of teeth were contributing factors to depression and QoL of the elderly. Conclusion: Findings of this study may be useful in understanding the health status of the community-dwelling elderly and developing more regionally specific health promotion strategies.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.335-344
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was to investigate nursing professionalism and job satisfaction of nurses in general hospital. The subjects were 806 nurses in 8 general hospitals where had more than 400 beds. Method: The data was collected from April 21, 2004 to May 6, 2004 using a structured Questionnaire and analyzed with frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe's test and Pearson's correlation coefficient using SPSS of window V. 10.0 program. Result: The mean score of nursing professionalism was 3.67. In each realm, the score of social benefit promotion was the highest as 4.14 and that of autonomy was the lowest as 3.19. The mean score of job satisfaction was 2.74. In each realm, the score of interaction was the highest as 3.26 and that of wage was the lowest as 2.20. Nursing professionalism was significantly different according to age, academic qualification, work experience and position. And job satisfaction was significantly different according to age, religion, work experience, position and department. Nursing professionalism had a significant correlation with job satisfaction (r=.257, p<.001). Conclusions: When the Autonomy in nursing job performance, well-defined work limit were guaranteed in the hospital, nurses' professionalism will be enhance. It is recommended that the strategies about nurse's long-term service and efficient hospital administration should be needed for nurse's job satisfaction.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 2009

Purpose: This study examined caregiver trainees' knowledge and attitude toward the elderly. Method: This descriptive study was conducted with a convenient sample of 119 trainees in a long-term caregiver education program at one university. Following completion of a self-reported questionnaire, knowledge and attitude were measured using FAQ1(Palmore, 1998) and a 20-item semantic differential scale(Sanders et al., 1984). The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation analysis by SPSS version 12.0. Results: The mean score of respondents' knowledge and attitude toward the elderly was $13.51{\pm}2.77$ out of 25 and $81.71{\pm}20.10$ out of 100, respectively. Caregiver trainees' education level and age influenced their knowledge and attitude, respectively, toward the elderly. Conclusion: Caregiver training for the elderly should involve a well-designed education program and continuous teaching that takes into account trainee education and age.