• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.9-18
• /
• 2003

Most of broiler houses in Korea have the trouble of environmental control such as suitability, stability, and uniformity of internal climate, resulting in serious stress on chickens. Accordingly, it is very urgent to develop optimum designs of naturally and mechanically ventilated broiler houses for Korean climate. In this study, the internal climates such as air temperature, humidity, dust, ammonia gas, and air velocity were measured at a naturally ventilated broiler house. The data were collected during summer season including local weather data. It was found that the difference between measured and optimum air temperatures was $14.0^{\circ}C$ in maximum during the summer time. The daily maximum range of internal averaged air temperature was found $10.5^{\circ}C$ while the uniformity was $5.2^{\circ}C$ in maximum. The maximum, average, and minimum internal averaged relative humidity were 89.3%, 73.7%, and 49.2%, respectively while locally measured were 95.1% and 47.2%, respectively in maximum and minimum. Considering Temperature-humidity index, during summer season, over 97% of totally rearing period was shown that counter plan is needed for thermal stress while it was very dangerous situation for 22% of the rearing period. The ammonia gas and dust concentrations were seriously affected by the broilers activity, growth level, and relative humidity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.180-186
• /
• 1985

Field and phytotron experiments were conducted to determine the effect of morphological growth stage and environmental temperature on Weender components and net energy lactation (NEL) in corn cv. Blizzard and sorghum cv. Pioneer 931 and Sioux at Munich Technical University from 1978 to 1981. Various growth stages of maize and sorghum were grown for 42 days at 4 temperature regimes (30/25, 25/20, 28/18 and 18/8 degree C) and mid-summer sunlight over 13 hour days. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Accumulation of crude protein in maize and sorghum plants was associated with leaf weight ratio and leaf area ratio ($P{\leq}0.1%$). Crude protein in the plants were shown to have a greate synthesis rates at early growth stages. The highest concentration of crude protein were found at 3-leaf stage with 31.4% and 33.9% for maize and sorghum, respectively. 2. Synthesis of crude fiber was increased after growing point differentiation markedly and were shown the highest concentration at heading stage with 28.4% and 31.5% for maize and sorghum, respectively. During the maturities, the crude fiber contents in maize were, however decreased and shown a value of 19.5% at physiological maturity, while that of sorghum were increased continuously. 3. NEL value in maize and sorghum plants were declined as morphological development and shown the lowest at growing point differentiation with 5.82 MJ (maize) and 5.46 MJ/kg (sorghum). During the late maturity, the NEL value of maize were increased markedly and shown a value of 6.70 MJ and 6.94 MJ/kg for milkstage and maturity stage, respectively, while NEL value in sorghum were not increased markedly. 4. Net energy lactation in maize and sorghum plants were associated with synthesis rate of non-structural carbohydrates, especially mono- and disaccharose while cell-wall constituents and crude fiber lowerd NEL contents ($P{\leq}0.1%$). 5. NEL accumulation and starch value were decreased under temperature. The NEL concentration of 4-leaf sorghum under different environmental temperatures of 30/25, 25/20, and 18/8 degree C were 4.87 MJ, 5.46 MJ and 5.81 MJ/kg, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2016

The growth of Italian ryegrass (IRG) after wintering was very low in 2015 when IRG was broadcasted under growing rice in fall of 2014. To determine growth inhibitory factors of IRG, we examined the growth conditions of IRG in Nonsan region and meteorological conditions in Daejeon nearby Nonsan. Minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. $8^{th}$ and $9^{th}$ of 2015 after wintering of IRG were $8.8^{\circ}C$, 10.7 m/s and $12.4^{\circ}C$, 9.6m/s, respectively. Air temperature was suddenly dropped due to strong wind with snow showers, which had unfavorable effect on root growth of IRG exposed at the soil surface. The minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. $12^{th}$, $13^{th}$, and $14^{th}$ of 2015 were $4.1^{\circ}C$, 11.6 m/s, $-5.6^{\circ}C$, 10.3 m/s, and $-4.7^{\circ}C$, 7.5 m/s, respectively. The growth circumstance of IRG was not good because soil was dried due to drought continued from January. The minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. $26^{th}$, $27^{th}$, and $28^{th}$ of 2015 were $1.8^{\circ}C$, 13.7 m/s, $-3.5^{\circ}C$, 10.6 m/s, and $4.1^{\circ}C$, 6.8 m/s, respectively. The number of wilting of IRG was more than 59% until Mar. $3^{rd}$ of 2015. IRG faced irreparable environment (low minimum temperatures and extreme instantaneous wind speeds) for 9 days from Mar. $4^{th}$ to Mar. $12^{th}$ of 2015. The main reason for the decrease of IRG productivity was collection delay of rice straw after rice harvest because there was continuous rain between Oct. and Nov. of 2014. For this reason, weakly grown IRG under rice straw was withered after wintering. IRG was withered by frost heaving, drought, and instantaneous wind speed in the spring. Furthermore, the root of IRG was damaged while growing in excess moisture in the surface of paddy soil during the winter season due to rain.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.142-149
• /
• 2016

'Shinseong', a winter forage triticale cultivar (X Triticosecale Wittmack), was developed at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2015. The cultivar 'Shinseong' was selected from the cross RONDO/2$^*$ERIZO_11//KISSA_4/3/ASNO/ARDI_3//ERIZO_7 by CIMMYT (Mexico) in 1998. Subsequent generations were handled in pedigree selection programs at Mexico from 1999 to 2004, and a line 'CTSS98Y00019S-0MXI-B-3-3-5' was selected for earliness and good agronomic characteristics. After preliminary and advance yield testing in Korea for 3 years, the line was designated 'Iksan47'. The line was subsequently evaluated for earliness and forage yield in seven locations, Jeju, Iksan, Cheongwon, Yesan, Gangjin, Daegu, and Jinju from 2013 to 2015 and was finally named 'Shinseong'. Cultivar 'Shinseong' has the characteristics of light green leaves, yellow culm and spike, and a medium grain of brown color. The heading date of cultivar 'Shinseong' was April 24 which was 3 days earlier than that of check cultivar 'Shinyoung'. The tolerance or resistance to lodging, wet injury, powdery mildew, and leaf rust of 'Shinseong' were similar to those of the check cultivar. The average forage dry matter yield of cultivar 'Shinseong' at milk-ripe stages was $15MT\;ha^{-1}$, which was 3% lower than that ($15.5MT\;ha^{-1}$) of the check cultivar 'Shinyoung'. The silage quality of 'Shinseong' (6.7%) was higher than that of the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' (5.9%) in crude protein content, while was similar to the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' in acid detergent fiber (34.6%), neutral detergent fiber (58.6%), and total digestible nutrients (61.6%). It showed grain yield of $7.2MT\;ha^{-1}$ which was 25% higher than that of the check cultivar 'Shinyoung' ($5.8MT\;ha^{-1}$). This cultivar is recommended for fall sowing forage crops in areas in which average daily minimum mean temperatures in January are higher than $-10^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.26-32
• /
• 2014

'Dahan' (Avena sativa L.), a winter oat cultivar for forage use, was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, National Institute Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA) in 2011. It was derived from an original cross between $F_1$[Sprinter/73625] and 'Gwiri26'. Subsequent generations followed by the cross were handled in bulk and pedigree selection programs at Suwon. A line, 'SO99027-GB-B-113-4-4-3', was selected for cold tolerance and good agronomic characteristics and as a line name of 'Gwiri75'. The line 'Gwiri75' was subsequently evaluated for cold tolerance and forage yield during 3 years in four region such as Yesan, Iksan, Kimjae, and Jeju, from 2009 to 2011 and finally named as 'Dahan'. Though similar in heading date to the check cultivar Samhan, 'Dahan' had tall plant length and lodging resistance. It's average forage dry matter yield harvested at milk-ripe stage was 15.6 ton $ha^{-1}$, compared with 14.1 ton $ha^{-1}$ of check cultivar. Cultivar 'Dahan' was lower to the check cultivar 'Samhan' in protein content (8.4% and 9.9%, respectively), while it was superior to the check cultivar in total digestible nutrients (TDN) (60.8% and 59.3%, respectively), and in TDN yield $ha^{-1}$ (9.5 ton and 8.4 ton, respectively). Fall sowing of 'Dahan' is recommended only in the areas where daily minimum mean temperatures are averaged higher than $-7^{\circ}C$ in January, and excluded in mountain area where frost damage is presumable.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.227-233
• /
• 2013

'Taehan' (Avena sativa L.), a winter oat for forage use, was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crops, NICS, RDA in 2012. It was derived from a cross between 'Malgwiri' and 'CI8015'. Subsequent generations were handled in bulk and pedigree selection programs at Suwon and Yeoncheon, respectively. After 2 years of preliminary and advanced yield tests, 'SO00020B-YB-15-5-9-4-3', designated as 'Gwiri78', were subsequently evaluated for earliness and forage yield during 3 years in four regions such as Yesan, Iksan-1 (Paddy), Iksan-2 (upland), and Jeju from 2010 to 2012, and finally named 'Taehan'. Over 3 years, the heading date of 'Taehan' was about 6 days earlier than that of the check cultivar 'Samhan' (May 8 and May 14, respectively), and their average forage dry matter yield harvested at the milk-ripe stage was 14.5 tone $ha^{-1}$, compared with 14.1 tone $ha^{-1}$ for the check cultivar. The cultivar 'Taehan' was lower than that of the check cultivar 'Samhan' in terms of protein content (6.3% and 7.7%, respectively) and total digestible nutrients (60.7%, and 62.1%, respectively). The TDN yield was more than that of the check cultivar (9.1 tone $ha^{-1}$ and 8.0 tone $ha^{-1}$, respectively). Fall cropping of 'Taehan' is recommended only in areas where average daily minimum mean temperatures in January are > $-6^{\circ}C$, and it should not be cultivated in mountainous areas, where frost damage is likely to occur.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.33 no.5
• /
• pp.687-696
• /
• 2015

Black mini tomato 'Hei-G' fruits were harvested at different stages of maturity (immature-mature green and mature-black red) and stored at different temperatures (8, 12, and $20^{\circ}C$) to investigate the quality and lycopene content during storage. Weight loss increased dramatically at higher temperature for both harvesting stages without significant differences. Firmness of immature fruits decreased below the initial level of mature fruit (8.1N) after 5, 8, and 19 days storage, when they were stored at 20, 12, and $8^{\circ}C$, respectively. Soluble solid contents of mature fruit increased at initial storage, and were higher as compared to immature fruits before deterioration at each storage temperature. Decrease in titratable acid of mature fruits depended on storage time and temperature. However, titratable acid of immature fruits showed little change during storage, and so it did not affect flavor. Hunter a value changed greatly in immature fruit stored at high temperature. Unlike ripe tomatoes, there was no significant difference in black tomato Hunter b values of immature and mature fruit at initial and 12 days storage. However, immature fruits stored at $8^{\circ}C$ did not reach full maturity and color development and ripening. High storage temperature increased lycopene production while low storage temperature blocked lycopene development. Shelf life of the immature fruits, which was evaluated by elapsed days to conventional mature stage, was 12 and 15 days when they were stored at 20 and $12^{\circ}C$, respectively. The optimum storage temperature to maintain the quality and lycopene content of mature fruits was $12^{\circ}C$. Moreover, the shelf life of mature fruits stored at $20^{\circ}C$ could reach up to 5 days.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.158-163
• /
• 2014

In this study, two commercial PCR and ELISA test kits were examined for identification of eight animal species (beef, pork, chicken, duck, turkey, goat, lamb, and horse) from raw meat and meat products in Korea. The detection limit in RAW meat ELISA kit$^{(R)}$ on three types of meat samples blended with beef, pork and chicken, demonstrated that all meat species were differentiable down to 0.2%. RAW meat ELISA kit$^{(R)}$ on animal species resulted in differentiation rate of 94.5% for beef, 93.3% for pork, 90% for lamb, and 100% for chicken, duck, turkey, goat, and horse. In contrast, Powercheck Animal Species ID PCR kit$^{TM}$ resulted in 100% specificity at 0.05% limit of detection for all meat species. The detection limit of Cooked Meat ELISA kit$^{(R)}$ on mixed meat samples heat-treated with different temperatures and times, resulted in 0.1% for all heat-treated mixed meat except for chicken at 1.0%. Additionally, ELISA kit on sixty meat products resulted in specificity of 31.8% for ham, 13.6% for sausages, and 12.5% for ground processed products, and relatively low rate for more than 2 types of mixed meats. On the contrary, meat species differentiation using PCR kit showed higher percentage than that using ELISA kit$^{(R)}$: 50.0% for ham, 41.7% for sausages, and 28.6% for ground processed meat. Futhermore, PCR kit on 54 dried beef meats detected pork genes in 13 products whereas ELISA kit showed negative results for all products. Hence, the possibility of cross-contamination during manufacturing process was investigated, and it was found that identical tumblers, straining trays, cutters and dryers were used in both beef and pork jerky production line, suggesting the inclusion of pork genes in beef products due to cross-contamination. In this study, PCR and ELISA test kits were found to be excellent methods for meat species differentiation in raw meat and heat-processed mixed meat. However, lower differentiation rate demonstrated in case of meat processed products raised the possibility of inclusion of other species due to cross-contamination during manufacturing process.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.23-34
• /
• 2018

The pharmacokinetic properties of cefadroxil (CDX) were studied after oral administration for 7 days to cultured olive flounders (average 660 g), Paralichthys olivaceus. For examination of pharmaco-kinetic profiles, CDX of 45 to 225 mg/kg body weight was administered at two different water temperatures, $13{\pm}3^{\circ}C$ or $22{\pm}3^{\circ}C$. CDX concentrations were determined in muscle, plasma, gastrointestinal tract, hematopoietic organs and liver by HPLC-MS/MS. Muscle samples were taken at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days post dose, whereas plasma, gastrointestinal tract, hematopoietic organs and liver concentrations were measured at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days post-dosing. The kinetic profiles of $C_{max}$, $T_{max}$, $T_{1/2}$ of CDX were analyzed by fitting to a non-compartmental model with PKSolver program. The following pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained with oral administration of 45 and 225 mg/kg at 13 and $22^{\circ}C$ in muscle, plasma, gastrointestinal tract, hematopoietic organs and liver, respectively: $C_{max}$ (maximum tissue concentration)=$985.98-5,032.86{\mu}g/kg$, $5,670.99-38,922.23{\mu}g/l$, $2,457.27-10,192.78{\mu}g/kg$, $886.04-3,070.87{\mu}g/kg$ and $1,188.15-3,814.33{\mu}g/kg$; $T_{max}$ (time for maximum concentration)= every 1 day; $MRT_{0-{\infty}}$ (mean residence time)= 1.51-4.74, 2.12-3.06, 4.25-13.18, 1.37-18.66 and 1.78-29.76 days; $T_{1/2}$ (half-life)= 1.08-3.47, 1.14-5.42, 3.56-10.99, 1.17-14.93 and 1.25-28.55 days.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.22 no.5 s.95
• /
• pp.617-625
• /
• 2006

This study was done to provide basic data for the operation of a safer cook-chill system by comparing and evaluating the quality of foods which were prepared using the sous vide cook-chill system and the conventional cook-chill system, according to the preparation methods and storage temperature. Simmered chickens in soy sauce were prepared using the sous vide cook-chill system and the conventional cook-chill system and their quality was evaluated at the time of preparation and storage. Firstly, foods were prepared using the sous vide cook-chill (SVCC) system and the conventional cook-chill (CC) system and the redquired time and temperature during each preparation stage were measured and physicochemical (pH, Aw, and moisture content) and microbial qualities were evaluated. Secondly, in order to evaluate the quality and safety, the moisture content and microbial (standard plate count, coliform count, psychrotrophic bacteria count, and anaerobic bacteria count) qualities were evaluated according to the preparation methods and temperatures after the foods were stored at 3$^{\circ}C$ and 10$^{\circ}C$ for 10 days and reheated.