• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.437-444
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• 2010

Dry Process(natural drying, hot-air drying, oil fry drying), optimized mixture ratio and the condition of carbonization was carried out in order to improve the product durability develop eco-friendly solid fuel mixing food waste and paper sludge. As a result of the experiment, oil fry drying process was the fastest method for drying food waste and paper sludge mixture that contains 80% water inside, and the optimized mixture ratio to minimize the generating concentration of chlorine gas against caloric value of mixture ratio was 7:3. Additionally proper temperature of product carbonization was about $200^{\circ}C$ and shown increasing product durability through the carbonization. Therefore, the pelletized solid fuel be shaped diameter around 0.5cm, length 2cm under which was pulverized and molded using 7:3 mixture of food waste, and paper sludge was the eco-friendly solid fuel possible to be industrialized which is consist of chlorine concentration of below 2.0wt% and the lowest caloric value of over 5,000kcal/kg. In conclusion, this developing manufacturing process of the solid fuel can be interpreted to contribute alternative energy development in accordance with low carbon and green growth era.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.12-18
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• 2014

The objective of this work is to produce solid biofuel from sawdust using the HTC (Hydrothermal carbonization) process. The HTC process of feedstock involves the raw material coming into contact with high temperature and pressurized water. The HTC process could produce gaseous, liquefied and solid products, but this study focused on solid product only as an alternative to coal. In this study, sawdust used for a feedstock and its moisture content was under 5%. Water was added with the feedstock to raise moisture content to 80% and also used catalysts. The HTC process was performed at temperature range from 200 to $270^{\circ}C$ and reaction time was 15 to 120 min. Rising temperature resulted in increasing the higher heating value (HHV) of HTC product. In case of adding catalyst, HHV of solid biofuel was higher and reaction occurred at lower temperature and pressure. Also, HTC solid product had been characterized and found to be hydrophobic, increased HHV (over 40%), and pelletized easily compared to raw material.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.615-623
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• 2014

Increases of public attention on healthy environment lead to the regulation of indoor air quality such as Clean Healthy House Construction Standard. This standard covers emission of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) (e.g., formaldehyde, benzene, and toluene), ventilation, and use of environmentally-friendly products or functional products. Moisture absorption and desorption abilities are a recommended functionality for improving indoor air quality. In this study, moisture absorption and desorption capacities of carbonized board from wood-based panels and other materials were determined by using UNT-HEAT-01 according to ISO 24358:2008. Pine had higher moisture absorption and desorption capacities ($49.0g/m^2$ and $35.3g/m^2$, respectively) than hinoki cypress, cement board, gypsum board, oriented strand board, and medium density fiberboard (MDF). The moisture absorption and desorption capacities differed considerably according to the wood species. After carbonization process at $400^{\circ}C$, the absorption and desorption ability of MDF increased to 38% and 60%, respectively. However, moisture absorption and desorption capacities decreased with increasing carbonization temperature, but they were still higher than original MDF. Therefore, it is suggested that carbonization below $600^{\circ}C$ can improve moisture absorption/desorption capacities.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.2253-2258
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• 2009

wet spun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber precursors. The process variables chosen were treatment temperature, applied tension in stabilization process. The temperature profile of the stabilization was set on the basis of exothermic peaks of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) result. Both tensile strength and modulus increased with holding at onset temperatures of the exothermic peaks for extended duration, and with a higher heating rate up to the onset temperatures at a given applied tension among the experimental conditions. The increase in load monotonously increased the tensile modulus, on the other hand, the tensile strength was maximum at the load of 15 mg/filament (T15). The load 20 mg/ filament (T20) was considered to be exceeded to form oriented crystalline structure, possibly introducing more defects in the fiber than under load of T15. The sample CP3-T15 O5 H30 showed the best tensile properties among the samples experimented whose tensile properties are compatible with the commercialized grade of general purpose carbon fibers even at low carbonization temperature such as $800\;{^{\circ}C}$ (the carbonization temperature in the commercial process. 1300∼$1500\;{^{\circ}C}$).

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 2016

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a carbonization method of thermochemical process at a relatively low temperature (180-250℃). It is reacted by water containing raw material. In this study, it was selected for effective disposal method of food waste because food waste in Korea has large amount water. 5 kg, 10 kg, 15 kg of food waste were reacted for 6 hours at 200℃ for selecting the optimum amount of raw material. Since the derived optimum amount, food waste was reacted for 2 hours, 4 hours and 6 hours at 200℃ and 1.5 MPa. After carbonization, it was analyzed to evaluated the properties by ultimate analysis, iodine adsorption, BET surface area and SEM. After analyzing the characteristics, it can be utilized as a basic data for applied.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 1991

Thermogravimetric measurements have been carried out to investigate the stabilization and carbonization of copolymer of acrylonitrile(95 wt %) and methyl acrylate(5 wt %) at various heating rates. The cyclization and dehydrogenation during the stabilization were important factors to determine pore development in the carbonization process. The pore and the specific surface area during the carbonization began to develope at the temperature higher than $400^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.98-108
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• 2023

In this study, the boards were manufactured according to the mandarin peels addition rate using sawdust and mandarin orange peel. After that, the mechanical properties and density profile of ceramics prepared by conditions through resin impregnation process and carbonization process were investigated. The bending and compression strengths of ceramics tended to increase as the resin impregnation rate increased. When the resin impregnation rate was 70%, the highest values were 8.58 MPa and 14.77 MPa, respectively. Also, the mechanical properties of ceramics according to carbonization temperature showed the highest values at 1,200℃ for bending strength of 11.09 MPa and compression strength of 17.20 MPa. The bending strength and compression strength according to the mandarin peels addition rate showed the highest values at 8.62 MPa and 14.16 MPa, respectively, when the mandarin orange peel addition rate was 5%. The mechanical properties tended to decrease when the addition rate of mandarin orange was increased. The density profile of ceramics showed a similar tendency to the mechanical properties. It can be seen that the density distribution from the surface layer to the center layer is more uniform as the resin impregnation rate and carbonization temperature increase and the mandarin peels addition rate decreases.

• Composites Research
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.385-391
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• 2018

In this study, carbon fibers were fabricated via carbonization of oxidized polyacrylonitrile (oxi-PAN) under different carbonization conditions. Carbonization of oxi-PAN fiber was performed under four different temperature (1300, 1400, 1500, $1600^{\circ}C$) with four different fiber tensions (14, 25, 35, 45 MPa). Effect of carbonization process on the structural development and mechanical properties of carbon fiber were characterized by single filament fiber tensile test and Raman spectroscopy. A clear correlation exists between the Raman spectrum and the tensile modulus of carbon fiber and effect of carbonization temperature on the tensile modulus showed increased tendency only at higher fiber tension (${\geq}25MPa$) while tensile strength showed decreased or random tendency. Therefore, it may be concluded that the optimization of carbonization temperature of oxi-PAN fiber also requires optimization of fiber tension.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.298-305
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• 1992

The carbonization behaviors of CFRP fabricated with 2D-woven fabric and matrix phenolic resin have been studied. The changes in dimension were observed in the temperature range of 365-37$0^{\circ}C$ in the thickness direction, 118-12$0^{\circ}C$ in the normal direction each other by TMA analysis. Observation with the optical microscope shows that the formed cracks and pores during the fabrication of CFRP were propagated with the increase of pyrolysis temperaure. New cracks and pores were formed in the pyrolysis temperature range of 400-50$0^{\circ}C$ In line with the formation and propagation of cracks, porosity was increased and density was decreased rapidly in the pyrolysis temperature range of from 40$0^{\circ}C$ to 70$0^{\circ}C$. Therefore heating rate in the carbonization process need to be controlled carefully by intervals.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.174-179
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• 2021

The coal tar pitch and phenol resins are used as binders in artificial graphite manufacture, but there are differences in the initial carbon compound structure. According to the carbonization temperature, it can be expected that there are differences in thermal decomposition behavior, microstructure, and crystallinity change. These properties of the coal tar pitch and phenol resins were compared to each other. As the carbonization temperature of coal tar pitch and phenol resin increases, crystallinity tends to increase. The coal tar pitch went through the carbonization process through the liquid, and it was confirmed that the crystallinity changed rapidly in the temperature range of 500 and 600 ℃, where the microstructure changed quickly. These results confirmed the close correlation between microstructure and crystallinity.