• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.167-180
• /
• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate quality characteristics of chopped garlic stored at various temperature. Chopped garlic was stored at room temp.($25^{\circ}C$), refrigerator temp.($5^{\circ}C$) and frozen temp. ($-18^{\circ}C$) for 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72 hours(room temp.) and 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 30 days(refrigerator temp. and frozen temp.), respectively. Brown color, Hunter color value, vitamine C contents and flavor patterns by electronic noes of chopped garlic were measured. Fresh chopped garlic was used as control and garlic powder by hot air drying was used for comparisons. Brown color of chopped garlic increased with increasing storage time, and the intensity of that was reduced as following order such as chopped garlic stored at room temp., refrigerator temp. and frozen temp. Brown color of garlic powder was most dark amomg all the samples. The results of Hunter color value was consistent with then of brown color in chopped garlic, whereas those of garlic powder showed relatively low browning. Above results might be caused by the difference of measurement as only surface color was measured in Hunter color value unlike brown color. Vitamine C contents of chopped garlic decreased with increasing storage time, and in particular those stored at room temp. decreased markedly as retention of those stored at room temp. was 60％ of control after 1 day storage. Vitamine C retention of chopped garlic stored at refrigerator temp. was 78％ of control after 10 day storage and that stored at frozen temp. was 86％ of control after 30 day storage. At room temp., flavor pattern by electronic nose showed a difference between chopped garlic stored for 1hour and control, and showed occurrence of off odor after 1 day storage. Flavor pattern of garlic powder by electronic nose showed a mild flavor. Flavor patterns of chopped garlic stored at refrigerator temp. were similiar until 10 day storage, whereas those showed occurrence of volitile components after 15 day storage. Flavor patterns of chopped garlic stored at frozen temp. were similiar after 30 day storage, and especially those after 3 day storage were almost the same as control. Therefore it is desirable to store chopped garlic within 1 day at room temp. and within 10 days at refrigerator temp. And it is most desirable to store chopped garlic at frozen temp. as retention of quality characteristics was superior than other storage temp.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.328-334
• /
• 2021

This study was conducted to analyze the effect of fog cooling during daytime and heatpump cooling at night in greenhouses in summer. During daytime, the average temp. and RH of the control greenhouse which had shading screen were 32.1℃ and 59.4%. and the average temp. and RH of the test greenhouse which had fog cooling were 30.0℃ and 74.3%. At this time, the average outside temp. and RH were 31.4℃ and 57.7%. So, the temp. of the control was 0.7℃ higher than outside temp., but the temp. of the test was 1.4℃ lower than outside and 2.1℃ lower than control. The average RH was 74.3% in the test and 59.4% in control. The average temp. and RH of the control greenhouse which had natural ventilation at night were 25.2℃ and 85.1%, and the average temp. and RH of the test greenhouse which had heat pump cooling were 23.4℃, 82.4%. The average outside temp. and RH at night were 24.4℃ and 88.2%. The temp. of the control was 0.8℃ higher than outside temp., but the temp. of the test was 1.0℃ lower than outside and 1.8℃ lower than control. The average RH was 82.4% in test and 85.1% in control greenhouse. There was no significant difference between the plants growth eight weeks after planting. But after the cooling treatment, the values of stem diameter, plant height, chlorophyll in test were higher than control. The total yield was 81.3kg in test, 73.8kg in control, so yield of test was 10.2% higher than control. As a result of economic analysis, 142,166 won in profits occurred in control greenhouse, but 28,727 won in losses occurred in test greenhouse, indicating that cooling treatment was less economical.

• Journal of the FoodService Safety
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.91-96
• /
• 2021

This study was performed to provide fundamental data on hygiene and quality control of ready-to-eat sandwiches. Predictive models were developed to the kinetics of Staphylococcus aureus growth in these sandwiches as a function of temperature (10, 15, 25, and 35℃). The result of the primary model that used the Gompertz equation showed that the lag phase duration (LPD) and generation time (GT) decreased and the exponential growth rate (EGR) increased with increasing storage temperature. The secondary model showed an R² for M and B of 0.9967 and 09916, respectively. A predictive growth model of the growth degree as a function of temperature was developed. L(t)=A+Cexp(-exp(-B(t-M))) (A=Initial contamination level, C=MPD-A, B=0.473166-0.045040*Temp-0.001718*Temp*Temp, M=19.924824-0.627442*Temp-0.004493*Temp*Temp, t=time, Temp=temperature). This model showed an R² value of 0.9288. All the models developed in this study showed a good fit.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.121-127
• /
• 1998

This study was to understand leaching characteristics with pH controlling agents and Temp. control, and investigate leaching characteristics with pH control from opening a leaching test to an end for reassessing leaching test of heavy metals with environmental conditions in landfill. Because leaching of heavy metals was increased in low pH, pH must control for leaching in existing leaching test. Generally, regulation time(6hr) of leaching was confirmed reasonablely, except for Cu in plating sludge. In pH controlling solution, there was nearly not difference between Acetic acid and HCl and if considering Cu, the former was appropriate. In a part of heavy metal, leaching rate was increased in high Temp., and normal Temp. in existing leaching test would be revaluated.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.60-64
• /
• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate effects of cooling methods on the growth and yield of tomato cv. momotaro in the glasshouse for four years from 1996 to 1999. Cooling methods were fan, fan and fogging, fan and shading(temp. control), fan and shading(radiation control), fan and shading (temp. control) with fogging. Fan, Fogging and Shading(temp. control) were operated automatically when air temperature was over 3$0^{\circ}C$. Amount of fogging was 500m1/min/100m$^2$and Droplets in a fog were 50 microns or smaller. Shading(radiation control) was operated automatically when solar radiation was over 500W/m$^2$. The growth and yield were the least in fan and shading(temp. control) method due to lack of light Intensity. Fogging method must be reconsidered for expensive equipment and maintenance expenses. As the matter stands, It is suggested to be the most considerable cooling method to increase ventilation rate with fan or use fan and shading(radiation control).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.364-368
• /
• 2006

This experiment was carried out to figure out the $CO_2$ biomass and the growth response of Chinese cabbage and radish grown under the condition of high temperature and high $CO_2$ concentration to provide the information for the coming climatic change. Chinese cabbage and radish were cultivated in spring and autumn seasons under 4 treatments, 'ambient temp.+ambient $CO_2$ conc.', 'ambient temp.+elevated $CO_2$ conc.', 'elevated temp.+ ambient $CO_2$ conc.', and 'elevated temp. +elevated $CO_2$ conc.'. The 'elevated temp,' plot was maintained at 5 higher than 'ambient temp. (outside temperature)'and the 'elevated $CO_2$ cone.' plot was done in 650 ppm $CO_2$. The growth of spring-sown Chinese cabbage was worse than autumn-sown one, and was affected more by high temperature than high $CO_2$. concentration. The $CO_2$ biomass of Chinese cabbage was lower as 25.1-39.1 g/plant in spring-sown one than 54.8-63.4 g/plant of autumn-sown one. Daily $CO_2$2 fixation ability was not significantly different between spring- and autumn-sown Chinese cabbage as 1.9-2.9, 2.7-3.1 kg/10a/day, respectively. The $CO_2$ biomass of radish were 87.4-104.6 /plant in spring-sown one and 51.3$\sim$76.4 g/plant in autumn-sown one. Daily $CO_2$ fixation ability of radish were 6.2-10.1 kg/10a/day in spring-sown one and 4.6-6.9 kg/10a/day in autumn-sown one.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.21-26
• /
• 2015

PURPOSE. To evaluate the cytotoxicity of temporary luting cements on bovine dental pulp-derived cells (bDPCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS. Four different temporary cements were tested: Rely X Temp E (3M ESPE), Ultratemp (Ultradent), GC Fuji Temp (GC), and Rely X Temp NE (3M ESPE). The materials were prepared as discs and incubated in Dulbecco's modified eagle's culture medium (DMEM) for 72 hours according to ISO 10993-5. A real-time cell analyzer was used to determine cell vitality. After seeding $200{\mu}L$ of the cell suspensions into the wells of a 96-well plate, the bDPCs were cured with bioactive components released by the test materials and observed every 15 minutes for 98 hours. One-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer tests were used to analyze the results of the proliferation experiments. RESULTS. All tested temporary cements showed significant decreases in the bDPCs index. Rely X Temp E, GC Fuji Temp, and Rely X Temp NE were severely toxic at both time points (24 and 72 hours) (P<.001). When the cells were exposed to media by Ultratemp, the cell viability was similar to that of the control at 24 hours (P>.05); however, the cell viability was significantly reduced at 72 hours (P<.001). Light and scanning electron microscopy examination confirmed these results. CONCLUSION. The cytotoxic effects of temporary cements on pulpal tissue should be evaluated when choosing cement for luting provisional restorations.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.191-197
• /
• 2005

A new method, ToxTemp (TOXcity test based on TEMPerature control) using Ceridaphnia dubia was applied to evaluate the toxicity of insecticide materials and compared with the standard 48 hr acute bioassay. BPMC, diazinon and fenitrothion may cause the inhibition to the biological process in sewage treatment plant and need to detect toxicity within short contact time. The ToxTemp method showed sensitive detection with more shorter contact of 1-1.5 hr time than that of the standard 48 hr acute bioassay. To evaluate toxicity of real wastewater/sewage, the inhibition rate of nitrification and oxygen uptake rate (OUR) using activated sludge, the standard 48hr acute bioassay and ToxTemp method using C. dubia were compared, respectively. On the basis of the inhibition rate of nitrification, the OUR test showed the less sensitive results at the relatively strong toxic sewage. On the other hands, the standard 48hr acute bioassay and ToxTemp method using C. dubia represented the toxicity of each wastewater/sewage with high sensitivity. Even the slightly low (about 1.5%) sensitivity, the ToxTemp method showed the high applicability to the real site of sewage treatment plant.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.296-305
• /
• 2002

The main disadvantage of cement-retained implant restorations is their difficulty in retrievability. Advocates of cemented implant restorations frequently state that retrievability of the restoration can be maintained if a provisional cement is used. The purpose of this study was to find the optimal properties of provisional luting cements and the surface treatment of abutments in single implant abutment system. 30 prefabricated implant abutments, height 8mm, diameter 6mm, 3-degree taper per side, with light chamfer margins were obtained. Three commercially available provisional luting agents which were all zinc oxide eugenol type ; Cavitec, TempBond and TempBond NE were evaluated. No cement served as the control. TempBond along with vaseline, a kind of petrolatum (2:1 ratio) was also evaluated. Ten out of thirty abutments were randomly selected and abutment surfaces were sandblasted with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide. Another ten abutments were sandblasted with $250{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide. A vertical groove, 1 mm deep and 5mm long was cut in each twenty abutments. Ten of them were sandblasted with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide. The full coverage casting crowns were cemented to the abutments with the designated provisional luting agent. Specimens were stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. Each specimen was attached to a universal testing machine. A crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min was used to apply a tensile force to each specimen. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. Tensile bond strength of provisional luting cements in no surface treatment decreased with the sequence of TempBond NE, TempBond, Cavitec, TempBond with vaseline, no cement. 2. Tensile bond strength more increased by surface treatment. Sandblasting with $250{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide exhibited the highest tensile bond strength in the abutment cemented with TempBond NE and sandblasting with $50{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide exhibited the highest tensile bond strength in cemented with TempBond. 3. In the aspect of a groove formation, tensile bond strength significantly increased in TempBond with vaseline only and the others had no significant effect on tensile bond strength.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.49 no.6
• /
• pp.404-412
• /
• 2019

Objective: To assess shear bond strength and failure mode (Adhesive Remnant Index, ARI) of orthodontic brackets bonded to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) blocks for computer-aided design/manufacture (CAD/CAM) fabrication of temporary restorations, following substrate chemical or mechanical treatment. Methods: Two types of PMMA blocks were tested: $CAD-Temp^{(R)}$ (VITA) and $Telio^{(R)}$ CAD (Ivoclar-Vivadent). The substrate was roughened with 320-grit sandpaper, simulating a fine-grit diamond bur. Two universal adhesives, Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (SU) and Assure Plus (AP), and a conventional adhesive, Transbond XT Primer (XTP; control), were used in combination with Transbond XT Paste to bond the brackets. Six experimental groups were formed: (1) $CAD-Temp^{(R)}/SU$; (2) $CAD-Temp^{(R)}/AP$; (3) $CAD-Temp^{(R)}/XTP$; (4) $Telio^{(R)}$ CAD/SU; (5) $Telio^{(R)}$ CAD/AP; (6) $Telio^{(R)}$ CAD/XTP. Shear bond strength and ARI were assessed. On 1 extra block for each PMMA-based material surfaces were roughened with 180-grit sandpaper, simulating a normal/medium-grit ($100{\mu}m$) diamond bur, and brackets were bonded. Shear bond strengths and ARI scores were compared with those of groups 3, 6. Results: On $CAD-Temp^{(R)}$ significantly higher bracket bond strengths than on $Telio^{(R)}$ CAD were recorded. With XTP significantly lower levels of adhesion were reached than using SU or AP. Roughening with a coarser bur resulted in a significant increase in adhesion. Conclusions: Bracket bonding to CAD/CAM PMMA can be promoted by grinding the substrate with a normal/medium-grit bur or by coating the intact surface with universal adhesives. With appropriate pretreatments, bracket adhesion to CAD/CAM PMMA temporary restorations can be enhanced to clinically satisfactory levels.