• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.17
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• pp.7831-7836
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• 2015

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to assess the general knowledge of CRC in individuals living in Rasht, Iran, using a population-based cross-sectional telephone survey. Materials and Methods: A total of 1557 participants between 18 and 80 years of age were interviewed using random sampling from the telephone directory. Knowledge of risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and prevention of CRC was assessed using a validated questionnaire. Results: The mean knowledge level of the 1,557 respondents (average age 46 y) was $13.5{\pm}4.29$ (maximum possible score = 26), and 46.4% (722/1,557) of the subjects achieved grades lower than the mean score. The mean scores for knowledge of symptoms and risk factors were $3.97{\pm}1.83$ (range: 0-7) and $5.17{\pm}1.65$ (range: 0-9), respectively. Older age, higher education, and employment were significantly associated with better scores for recognition of risk factors and warning symptoms. The majority of subjects correctly identified weight loss (70.2%; 1,093/1,557) and rectal bleeding (63.3%; 986/1,557) as symptoms of CRC, and that smoking (85.9%; 1,337/1,557) and a low-fiber diet (73.4%; 1,143/1,557) were risk factors. Approximately half of the subjects noted increasing age, genetic background and fried food as other risk factors. A considerable number (54.8%; 853/1,557) identified colonoscopy as a screening method for detecting CRC in asymptomatic patients. However, a third of the subjects in the target group for screening (${\geq}50y$) were not interested in undergoing screening, primarily due to a lack of symptoms. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the knowledge of CRC is poor among the public, and therefore greater attempts should be made to increase awareness. Public education emphasizing the risk factors and symptoms of CRC, as well as the importance of regular screening regardless of the presence of symptoms, may help to reduce CRC morbidity and mortality.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.30 no.4 s.59
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• pp.779-790
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• 1997

The Association between myofascial pain syndrome and some tests was assessed in a cross-sectional study of 904 female telephone operators using video display terminals(VDTs). 105 cases were diagnosed as Myofascial pain syndrome with symptom questionnaire, laboratory examination and physician's physical examination and 550 controls were defined to show only musculoskeletal symptoms using NIOSH symptom criteria. Data on demographics, musculoskeletal symptom and visual analogue scale(VAS) were obtained by questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements, pressure pain threshold, Grip & Pinch strength and laboratory test were conducted. No significant difference between case and control at comparing of demographics, occupational history and body measurements were observed. But, Grip strength, pressure pain threshold and VAS showed the statistical difference between case and controt. Age, pressure pain threshold of Rt. Upper trapezius and VAS were associated with myofascial pain syndrome in multivariate logistic regression analysis. This results suggest that, to diagnose of myofascial pain syndrome, the consideration of the objective aspects among patients' subjective symptom complaints through the VAS and pressure pain threshold is required.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.559-571
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• 2003

ENUM(tElephon NUmbering Mapping) is protocol that brings convergence between PSTN Networks and IP Networks using a unique worldwide E.164 telephone number as an identifier between different communication infrastructure. The mechanism provides a bridge between two completely different environments with E.164 number; IP based application services used in PSTN networks, and PSTN based application services used in IP networks. We propose a new way to organize and handle ENUM Tier 2 name servers to improve performance at the name resolution process in ENUM based application service. We build an ENUM based network model when NAPTR(Naming Authority PoinTeR) resource record is registered and managed by area code at the initial registration step. ENUM promises convenience and flexibility to both PSTN and IP users, yet there is no evidence how much patience is required when users decide to use ENUM instead of non-ENUM based applications. We have estimated ENUM response time, and proved how to improve performance up to 3 times when resources are managed by the proposed mechanism. The proposition of this thesis favorably influences users and helps to establish the policy for Tier 2 name server management.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.143-150
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• 2010

Objectives: This research aims to know the current status and prospect of traditional medical market to provide sources in setting a development strategy and making a policy on the traditional medicine Methods: This research categorized 11,611 clinics registered in telephone directory as of 2008 by region and some clinics were extracted with simple random method. The inquiry was made with questionnaires and analyzed on the base of frequency. Results: 1. The number of the employee in a clinic were slightly decreased from 2.9 in 2005 and 2006 to 2.8 in 2007. That of the patients also showed a downward tendency from 11,811 in 2005 through 11,716 in 2006 to 11,344 in 2007. 2. An annual turnover in a clinic amounted to 257 million won in 2007 from 232 million won in 2005 through 245 million won in 2006. 3. Approximately 92% of the responses made a negative diagnosis on the traditional medical market and 21% of responses indicated the overall economic recession as a primary reason in their opinions. 4. About 29% of responses presented the extension of medical insurance on traditional medicine as a prior policy. Conclusions: Based on the survey, the prospect of traditional medical market is positive, but the effort of the people in traditional medical system and the systematic support from government are required to activate the stagnated traditional medical market.

• Bulletin of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 1974

This study is aimed at a validation of the vigilance simulation model which was proposed earlier (2). The model estimates a perceived danger value, an alertness level and the probability of detection at a given elapsed time of vigilance. Twenty-nine male and seven female subjects were given a simple task. They were asked to detect a number(four numbers out of six digits in the telephone directory which have the probability of occurrence in the range of 0.0010-0.0018) in six different experimental conditions, for periods of two to three hours. Analysis of the experiments showed that although the mean detection rate varied slightly in two hours, the within-subject variance and the number of cyclic performance fluctuations increased significantly. A primal factor that affects the performance seems to be the frequency of target occurrence. By curve fitting, the relation between the probability of detection and the percentages of danger event occurrence was derived; $y=0.50(1-{\varepsilon}^{-50x^2})+0.39$. Assuming the equation represents the normal detection rate(100% performance), the Relative Vigilance Performance Rating was calculated. This rating method could be a useful criterion in selecting and training of the vigilance personnel. The results show that the simulation model is a good estimator of human a performance when the probability of danger occurrence is greater than 0.0015; it gives a good reference for improving the vigilance system. Suggestions are made that (1) the validity of proposed functional equations over the extended range of danger probability be studied, (2) an analysis of the cyclic fluctuations of the alertness level be accomplished, and (3) the cost functions of detection reliability be included in any future model.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.491-510
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• 1997

The main purpose of this study is to analyse and explain the occupational pattems of Korean immigrants in Auckland, New Zealand, in order to understand how they are adapting to New Zealand society. We analysed the Korean telephone directory from 1992 to 1996 and listings of Korean businesses in the biweekly magazine 'Korea Town'. The bulk of Korean immigration started in 1991 when the New Zealand govemment opened up its immigration doors to non-Europeans. Clearly, recent Korean immigration has experienced exponential growth. The range of Korean's occupations has grown gradually compared to the growth of Korean immigration, from about 20 different kinds of occupations in 1992 to 55 in 1997. In 1992, there were only 37 korean businesses listed, but in 1997, there are about 636-a growth of over 1,600${\%}$. As we analysed all Korean businesses, we found that almost all Korean businesses and occupations have not penetrated the host society economy but reflect typical characteristics of ethnic businesses, in tems of capital, business operation, employees and customers being mainly Korean, Korean businesses are concentrated in the City Centre and North Shore. The concentration in North Shore reflects the concentration of Korean residents in this area, while Korean businesses in the City centre are mostly tourist industries(travel agencies, souvenir shops)and restaurants. The findings of this study closely reflect similar Westem studies on ethnic minority businesses. From this, we can conclude that Korean businesses at the moment reflect the initial stage of Korean communities in New Zealand.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.144-181
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• 1998

The main purpose of this study is to understand the socio-cultural adaptation and life-styles of the Chinese and Korean immigrants in Vancouver, Canada. Of interest are the immigration policies of the Canadian government and formation of the Chinese and Korean minority societies in Vancouver. Attention is given to estimating the size of the Korean population in Vancouver, utilizing the listings of telephone directory and the proportion of surname Kims in the Korean population. This paper focuses on explaining the distinctive adaptation patterns and socio-cultural characteristics of the Chinese and Korean immigrants. A conceptual scheme of socio-cultual adaptation of the minority immigrants, which is hypothesized as a function of the participation to the host society and the cultural identity, is also developed in this paper. Findings of the analysis suggest that the Chinese and Korean population in Vancouver witnessed a rapid growth since the mid 1980s, when the Canadian government launched the immigration programs for investors and entrepreneurs. It appears that the Chinese and Korean immigrants hold strong ethnic identity and maintain cultural traditions and life-styles of their own. While Chinese immigrants are characterized by active participation to the host society, Korean immigrants tend to confine themselves to the Korean enclave, and thus keep a certain distance from the host society. This appears to be particularly true for the Koreans who immigrated with a status of investor or entrepreneur. As the key force behind the ethnic differences in their adaptation, the role of voluntary associations is stressed. Finally, the future prospects of the Chinese and Korean societies and their acculturation are discussed in this study.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.361-373
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• 1999

Objectives: Receive Operating Characteristic(ROC) curve with the area under the ROC curve(AUC) is one of the most popular indicator to evaluate the criterion validity of the measurement tool. This study was conducted to develop a standardized questionnaire to discriminate workers at high-risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders using ROC analysis. Methods: The diagnostic results determined by rehabilitation medicine specialists in 370 persons(89 shipyard CAD workers, 113 telephone directory assistant operators, 79 women with occupation, and 89 housewives) were compared with participant's own replies to 'the questionnair on the worker's subjective physical symptoms'(Kwon, 1996). The AUC's from four models with different methods in item selection and weighting were compared with each other. These 4 models were applied to 225 persons, working in an assembly line of motor vehicle, for the purpose of AUC reliability test. Results: In a weighted model with 11 items, the AUC was 0.8155 in the primary study population, and 0.8026 in the secondary study population(p=0.3780). It was superior in the aspects of discriminability, reliability and convenience. A new questionnaire of musculoskeletal disorder could be constructed by this model. Conclusion: A more valid questionnaire with a small number of items and the quantitative weight scores useful for the relative comparisons are the main results of this study. While the absolute reference value applicable to the wide range of populations was not estimated, the basic intent of this study, developing a surveillance fool through quantitative validation of the measures, would serve for the systematic disease prevention activities.