• Atmosphere
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.185-193
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• 2007

This study investigates urbanization effect in warming trend of surface air temperature over Korea. The data used in this study consist of the daily minimum and maximum temperatures during the period of 32 years(1968-1999) from 16 stations of KMA. To calculate magnitude and trend of urbanization effect, stations were classified into urban and rural stations using population statistics. Urban stations were defined as those with population densities greater than 1000 persons per kilometer squared in 1995. The others were defined as rural stations. The urban stations were also subdivided into two groups according to their population totals. For estimates of urban effect magnitude, temperature change was calculated by comparing 16-year mean values between 1968-83 and 1984-99. Then, the difference between each urban station and every rural station was calculated. During the analysis period of 32 years, maximum temperature increase is $1.22^{\circ}C$. In the total temperature increase, urban effect is estimated by 28.7%. For minimum temperature, it becomes larger by about 10% than that in maximum temperature. Therefore, urban effect in an increasing trend of minimum temperature is 38.9% in the change of $1.13^{\circ}C$.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 2007

An experimental study was performed to evaluate the in-plate evaporation heat transfer and flow characteristics of a evaporator used in automobile. Two test-cores with different heat transfer area, bead-shape and bead-array were tested, A type and B type. For the heat transfer, Nusselt number for B type test-core reaches a value nearly equal to the one for A type test-core, in the whole range of equivalent Reynolds number. But, for the same mass flow rate of refrigerant, hA for B type test-core becomes higher with the increase of the mass quality of refrigerant than for A type test-core. In a flow visualization experiment, the wake zone of refrigerant circulating at u-turn position of plate is observed.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.343-355
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• 2018

A new climate regime was intensively negotiated from 2011 to 2015, culminating in adoption of the Paris Agreement. The Agreement went into effect on 4th of November 2016. Follow-up negotiation to implement the Paris Agreement has continued since May 2016 and is expected to be finalized by 2018. This paper reviews and analyzes the process of establishment of the new climate regime based on the Paris Agreement, focusing on the main issues and the negotiating positions of major groups of developed and developing countries. This paper details various important issues determining the final outcome of the Paris Agreement and discusses the follow-up negotiation in the years 2016 and 2017. It concludes with discussion of the various implications of the Paris Agreement, which will determine important aspects of our future socioeconomic life well into the 21st century.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.47 no.12
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• pp.1107-1119
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• 2014

Interesting in abnormal climate is currently growing because of climate change. With this, an increasing number of people continue to show concern over the negative effects of such changes. In Korea, the annual average rainfall amount increased to about 19% from 1,155 mm in the 1910s to 1,375 mm in the 2000s. By the end of the 21st century, it has been projected that rainfall will further increase to about 17%. In particular, the 10-year frequency of localized heavy rain of more than 100-mm rainfall per day reached 385 days in the last 10 years. As such, it increased 1.7 times from 222 in the 1970s-80s. The extreme events caused by climate change is thus reported as having exacerbated over the years. Gangwon-province will suffer more from climate change than any other region in Korea because of its mostly mountainous terrain. It is a special region with both mountainous and oceanic climates divided alongside the eastern and western regions of the Taebaek Mountain Range. As such, this paper try to quantify using ETCCDI (Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices) the recent climate changes in this region.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.330-340
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• 2022

We deduced the proper estimation methodology for the amount of carbon sequestration by damaged trees for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The nine development projects related to renewable energy, damaged trees occur, assessment status and used method of evaluating the carbon storage of damaged trees were summarized. And after re-calculating the carbon storage of damaged trees through allometric equations, the difference between the two groups, re-calculated the damaged trees carbon storage and the damaged trees carbon storage in the report, was validated. As a result, damaged trees carbon storage in words was more than the re-calculated damaged trees carbon storage, and it was statistically significant (p<0.005). This result means that the existing method for calculating damaged tree carbon storage is overcalculated. It was judged that it was necessary to improve the calculation method. Therefore, allometric equations suitable for each dominated-tree species should be used when calculating the damaged tree carbon storage. Furthermore, we propose to establish a carbon storage calculation system based on actual data from the ecosystem so that researchers can efficiently and accurately the damaged trees carbon storage.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.341-351
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• 2022

The physiological characteristics, growth, and yield of each regional rice variety ('Odaebyeo', 'Saechucheong', 'Ilmibyeo') were investigated depending on the impact of changes in temperature and CO₂ concentration. Experiments were conducted with a control group, which reflected atmospheric CO₂ concentration and temperature, and treatment groups, in which the CO₂ concentration and temperature were increased by 250 ppm and 2.0℃ from those in the control group. The results showed that the increase in CO₂ concentration and temperature reduced the growth and yield of the rice 'Odaebyeo', but did not substantially change the productivity of the 'Saechucheong' and 'Ilmibyeo'. The increase in CO₂ concentration and temperature increased stomatal conductance and rate of transpiration of the 'Odaebyeo' variety, thereby decreasing its water use efficiency (WUE). In contrast, the increase in CO₂ concentration and temperature increased the photosynthetic rate and WUE of the 'Saechucheong' and 'Ilmibyeo' varieties. The gradual change in climate is considered to directly affect growth and development of rice and diversely affect the productivity of each variety. Therefore, it is necessary to implement technological development, select regionally optimal rice varieties, develop new rice varieties, as well as conduct long-term monitoring of each rice variety for climate adaptation to counter global warming.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.74-76
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• 2007

The modern foraminiferal distribution patterns and species diversity in surrounding seas of Korea are controlled by winter monsoon and characteristics of water masses. Abrupt climate change, Younger Dryas cold episode" is identified in Korea. The Younger Dryas is characterized by local extinctions of foraminifera. Several record-breaking climate phenomena observed in Korea, especially September, 2007.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.684-708
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• 2017

This paper investigates the effects of transformational leadership and transactional leadership on the creativity of members in R&D organizations. We also analyze the leadership mechanism and the influence of effective environment by using team climate as a mediator and using adhocracy and hierarchy organizational culture as moderator. Data were collected through surveys of Korean Public Research Institutes conducting mainly basic science and applied sciences. 327 valid samples were tested using a structural equation model (SEM). Empirical results confirm that transactional leadership exhibits stronger direct effect on the creativity than transformational leadership. However, in indirect effects mediated by creative team climate, transformational leadership is found to be stronger than transactional leadership. It may reflect the characteristics of R&D organization. Also, through the verification of the moderating effect of the organizational culture, the adhocracy organizational culture appears to improve the creativity and the hierarchical organizational culture appears to inhibit the creativity. It is confirmed that the influence of organizational culture is statistically significant in R&D organizations with strong autonomy and independence. It is suggested that the leadership on the creativity of the members in the R&D organization may be indirect in the context of the team and the organization as well as the direct effects according to the type.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.150-157
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• 2008

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the performance characteristics of a $CO_2$ air conditioning system for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). The present air conditioning system for FCEV uses the electrically driven compressor and electrically controlled expansion valve for $CO_2$ as a working fluid. The experimental work has been done with various operating conditions, which are quite matching the actual vehicle's driving conditions such as different compressor speed and high pressure to identify the characteristics of the system. Experimental results show that the cooling capacity and coefficient of performance (COP) were up to 6.3kW and 2.5, respectively. This paper also deals with the development of optimum high pressure control algorithm for the transcritical $CO_2$ cycle to achieve the maximum COP.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.440-448
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• 2023

This study measured soil respiration in pine forests dominated by Pinus densiflora in Mt. Jeombong, Mt. Namsan, Mt. Jirisan in Republic of Korea from 2009 to 2010. The seasonal variations, along with temperature and soil moisture content, were measured to understand the characteristics at each site. Soil respiration was highest in summer and autumn, closely influenced by the increase in soil temperature. Throughout the measurement period, soil respiration ranged from 205.6 to 312.2 mg CO₂ m^-2 h^-1, with Mt. Namsan showing the highest values and Mt. Jirisan the lowest. A strong correlation was observed between soil respiration and soil temperature, with Q₁₀ values ranging from 2.5 to 3.0. Precipitation significantly affected soil moisture content, and although it appeared to influence soil respiration, no significant correlation was found.