• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.567-574
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• 2010

Pork patties were formulated with either steam-dried green tea power or freeze-dried raw tea leaf powder, and the quality characteristics of these products were monitored. Proximate analysis of tea powder contained 17.80~19.85%, 4.70~5.73%, and 5.60~5.77% (as is) crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash, respectively. There were no significance differences in pH among the samples. Chromaticity tended to decrease brightness ($L^*$) and redness ($a^*$), and there were significant differences in yellowness ($b^*$) as the added amount of tea power was increased. For texture, hardness increased as more green tea powder was added. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) values increased after storage for 12 days, whereas samples formulated with green tea powder showed lower TBARS and VBN values compared to control groups. Sensory panelists showed preference for samples with green tea powder added compared to the control group.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.572-580
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• 2013

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect on properties of restructured jerky by the addition volume of additives. The treatments were divided into glutinous rice flour, potato starch, soybean and acorn powder. Moisture content, water activity ($a_w$), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), color, yield and sensory evaluation were performed. The moisture contents of four types of restructured jerkies were in the range of 8.92-12.47%, and were lower than that of the control (17.92%). Water activity tended to decreased with increasing addition of all treatments. The restructured jerkies containing glutinous rice flour, potato starch, soybean and acorn powder had lower TBARS than the control. The drying yield tended to increase with increasing amount of additives. In the sensory evaluation results, the highest overall acceptability was found in jerky containing glutinous rice flour, potato starch, and acorn powder when the addition was 9%, while that for soybean powder was determined to be 5%. These results suggest that 9% additions of glutinous rice flour, potato starch or acorn, or 5% soybean powder are optimal addition volumes for the preparation of restructured jerkies.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.970-980
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• 2018

We evaluated the effects of pre-cooking methods on the quality of reheated marinated pork loin. Frozen marinated pork loins cooked using various methods (boiling, grilling, pan frying, infrared cooking, and superheated steam cooking) were reheated in a microwave, and their pH, color, cooking loss, re-heating loss, total loss, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) value, sensory properties, and shear force were determined. Although all parameters varied with different cooking methods, lightness values and TBARS values showed the tendency to decrease and increase, respectively, after reheating. Superheated steam-cooked samples showed the lowest values of cooking loss, total loss, TBARS value, and shear force (p<0.05) and the highest lightness, redness, and yellowssness values and juiciness, chewiness, and overall acceptability scores (p<0.05). These results show that pre-cooking with superheated steam maintains the quality characteristics of marinated pork loin upon reheating. Therefore, pre-cooking with superheated steam may be beneficial for the commercial distribution of frozen cooked marinated pork loin.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.687-696
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate effects of hesperidin and naringin on linpid peroxide formation and antioxidative enzyme activities in rats. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentrations were measured in plasma and liver. Catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were measured in erythrocyte and liver. Forty-nine male Sprague-Dauley rats weighing 275.3$\pm$3.3g were blocked into seven groups according to body weight and were raised fro four weeks on diets containing 0.25, 0.50 or 1.00%(w/w) hesperidin or naringin . Food intake, weight gain , food efficiency ratio, and weights of liver, kidney, spleen ,and epididymal fat pad were not significantly different among groups. In 0.50 and 1.00% naringin groups , plasma TBARS concentrations were significantly decreased with a dose response patter. In 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00% hesperidin groups, liver TBARS concentrations were significantly decreased without a dose dependent patter. Antiosidative enzyme activities in erythrocyte and liver were not significantly affected by type and amountof dietary bioflavonoid, but in the 1.00% hesperidin group, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutahione perosidase activities in linver showed a tendency to increase. In conclusion, naringin inhibited lipid peroxide formation with a dose response pattern in plasma without changing the activities of antioxidative enzymes. Hesperidin adminstration, regardless of the level in the diet, inhibited lipid peroxide formation in liver.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.245-254
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• 2003

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of P/S ratio of fatty acid and antioxidant (vitamin E, selenium) supplements on the serum lipid levels and hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity in rats. Female 16-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 6 different experimental diets for 4 weeks. While the peroxidizability index (PI) levels of fatty acids in the experimental diets were fixed at 81.22, the levels of P/S ratio of fatty acids were formulated at 0.38, 1.00, 4.81 (LP, MP, HP). These diets were supplemented with vitamin E (1,000 mg/kg diet) and selenium (2.5 mg/kg diet) (LP-S, MP-S, HP-S). This study showed that the serum concentrations of total-cholesterol and HDL-C increased with the increasing of the P/S ratio in the diet (p <0.05). Antioxidant supplementation significantly lowered the concentrations of triglyceride (TG) and VLDL-C of serum (p<0.05). Levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in the liver tended to decrease with the increasing of the P/S ratio in the diet (p<0.001), but antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver was not significantly different. In addition, antioxidant supplementation significantly lowered TBARS level in the liver (p<0.05), but had no effect on antioxidant enzyme activity except for glutathione reductase (p<0.05). In conclusion, it is necessary to consider the properties of dietary fatty acids and antioxidants supplementation for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.413-418
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• 2007

The present study was designed to observe the effect of chronically ingested ethanol on the level of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), which is a non-oxidative metabolite of ethanol metabolism in tissues, and its correlation to the status of oxidative stress in rats. Forty male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 145 - 155 g were divided into 2 groups, Control and EtOH. All rats were fed Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet for 4 weeks by pair-feeding. An isocaloric maltose dextrin was added in replace of 50 g ethanol (36%kcal) in the control diet. Chronically ingested ethanol significantly increased the content of FAEEs in pancreas and liver, but not in brain. The level of 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was significantly increased, but ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ level was significantly decreased in pancreas and liver. However, the levels of TBARS and ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ in brain were not significantly affected by ethanol ingestion. Therefore, chronically ingested ethanol might cause tissue damage by increasing the levels of FAEEs and TBARS and dissipating more ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ in tissues.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.59-69
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate effects of Lumbricus pharmacopuncture (LP) on the lipid lowering, anti-oxidative activity and concentration of proinflammatory cytokines in rat fed high fat diet. Methods : Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed high fat diet for 8 weeks and experimental groups were divided into 4 groups as follows : Control, Lumbricus Jungwan ($CV_{12}$) pharmacopuncture (T I), Lumbricus Joksamni ($ST_{36}$) pharmacopuncture (T II), Lumbricus Jungwan ($CV_{12}$) and Joksamni ($ST_{36}$) pharmacopuncture (T III). Results : The levels of plasma FFA, TG, total cholesterol, LDL-C, TBARS, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-$\alpha$ and liver total cholesterol, TG, TBARS, SOD, catalase, IL-6 in more than one LP group were significantly lower than those of Control groups. The level of IL-10 in one of LP groups was significantly higher than that of Control group. Conclusions : As the results were shown, LP treatment have considerable effects on lipid lowering, anti-oxidative activity and concentration of proinflammatory cytokines in rat fed high fat diet.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.49-67
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• 2006

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of antioxidation related to aging of Cheongeumyeonsudan which is written on Dongui-bogam experimentally. Method : 14 weeks aged SD albino rats were separated into uncontrolled group, controlled group and CGY group. As controlled and CGY groups were induced aging by subcutaneous injection of D-galactose, at the same time we administered the extract of Cheongeumyeonsudan to CGY group for 6 weeks. After then we drew blood from each group, and took measurements; the activity of SOD, GSH-px, catalase in erythrocytes, TBARS value, concentration of total lipid, tryglycende, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol in blood plasma. Results : The activities of SOD, GSH-px in erythrocytes were significantly increased in the CGY group compared with control group. The activity of catalase showed a tendency to increase, but it was nor remarkable. The concentration of total lipid, the values of TBARS and total cholesterol was significantly decreased in the CGY group compared with control group, and the concentration of plasma HDL-cholesterol was not remarkable. The concentration of tryglycende in plasma showed a tendency to decreased. Conclusions : it is suggested that Cheongeumyeonsudan decreased the activities of free radical, the concentration of lipid in plasma and generate enzyme which form lipid peroxide.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.530-543
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• 2018

This study investigated the effect of yellow, black, and brown mustard seeds on color, lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances [TBARS]), and microbiological and sensory qualities of meatballs during storage. Heat treatment of mustard seeds affected the TBARS value of meatball samples (p<0.0001). The addition of mustard seeds decreased TBARS value of meatball samples (p<0.0001). Heat treatment of mustard seeds decreased the $L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$ values of meatball samples (p<0.0001). The meatball samples with mustard seeds increased $b^*$ value of meatball samples however it decreased $a^*$ value of meatball samples (p<0.0001). The addition of mustard seeds decreased aerobic mesophilic bacteria count (p<0.0001), Enterobacteriaceae count (p<0.0001), psychrophilic bacteria count (p<0.0001) and yeast and mold count of meatball samples (p<0.0001). On a given storage day, the yellow mustard added meatballs sample was given higher color, appearance, flavor, acceptability ratings than those added black and brown mustard. Regarding sensory and microbiological properties, mustard seed contributed to microbiological quality and sensorial properties of meatball samples.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.230-236
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• 2016

Procyanidins, which are natural antioxidants and antimicrobials found in grapes, enhance the quality and extend the shelf life of meat. We explored the effects of edible films incorporating procyanidins on pork loin stored for various times. Procyanidins (0, 0.1, and 0.3%, w/w) were incorporated into the edible films. We assessed meat color, pH, levels of volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) and 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and microbial populations for 14 d. The chromaticities and pH values of pork loin wrapped in film containing procyanidins (0.1% and 0.3%) generally increased (p<0.05) with storage time. VBN and TBARS levels, and total bacterial and Escherichia coli (E. coli) counts, significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the procyanidin groups. In particular, procyanidins strongly inhibited TBARS formation. Thus, our findings suggest that edible film impregnated with procyanidins inhibits lipid oxidation and microbial growth, thereby enhancing the quality and shelf life of pork meat.