• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.339-355
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• 1993

The purpose of this correlational study was to offer strategies for nursing intervention to improve compliance with prenatal care. This study was designed to investigate degree of tardiness, correlation between hardiness and compliance with prenatal care. In research, the characteristic of hardiness has 1 teen demonstrated in resolving stressful situaltions and in adapting to overcome physical and psycho-logical tension. pregnancy is normal crisis process. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate degree of hardiness in normal pregnant woman and I think that concept of hardiness is able to become a new, important concept for prenatal care imtervention. The subjects were 388 normal pregnant woman over five months, who were selected from five university hospitals and two health centers in Taegu. Data were obtained using a convenience sample technique. Data collection was done from March 6 to June 18, 1992. The instruments used for this study were the Health Related Hardiness Scale developed by Pollock(1984) and compliance with a prenatal care scale developed by the author on the basis of results of a literature review. Data were analyzed using the SAS program for t - test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression. The results are as follows : 1. The scores on the hardiness scale ranged from 35 to 210 with mean of 88.89. 2. The scores on the compliance with prenatal care scale ranged from 28 to 140 with a mean of 111.49. 3. There were significant differences between hardiness and obstetrical characteristic factors, duration of pregnancy, frequency of pregnancy, frequency of abortion(P .05). 4. There were significant differences between compliance with prenatal care and general and obstetircal characteristic factors, education and frequency of pregnancy(P .05). 5. Correlations between hardiness and compliance with prenatal care were all negative and significant(r=-.2276~ -.2930, P .000). Challenge of hardiness components was the low est (r= -.2814). 6. Significant differences between hardiness and compliance with prenatal care by group were as follows : Group 1 was the high est, whereas Group 8 was the lowest(F=5.47, P .0000). 7. Factors influencing compliance with prenatal care were : 1) Challenge was the main variable and accounted for 7.92% of the total variance. 2) Education and frequency of pregnancy accounted for an additional 2.74% of the total variance. From the above findings, this study suggests the following : 1) Considering the lack of empirical support, the theroy of hardiness needs to be evaluated. 2) A valid, reliable and culturally appropriate instrument needs to be developed for Health Related Hardiness Scale. 3) There is a need for further study of hardiness in a broad variety of populations. 4) There is a need for comparative study correlation between hardiness and compliance with prenatal care in woman with normal and abnormal pregnancies

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.213-226
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• 2011

In global supply chain, the scheduling problems of large products such as ships, airplanes, space shuttles, assembled constructions, and/or automobiles are complicated by nature. New scheduling systems are often developed in order to reduce inherent computational complexity. As a result, a problem can be decomposed into small sub-problems, problems that contain independently small scheduling systems integrating into the initial problem. As one of the authors experienced, DAS (Daewoo Shipbuilding Scheduling System) has adopted a two-layered hierarchical architecture. In the hierarchical architecture, individual scheduling systems composed of a high-level dock scheduler, DAS-ERECT and low-level assembly plant schedulers, DAS-PBS, DAS-3DS, DAS-NPS, and DAS-A7 try to search the best schedules under their own constraints. Moreover, the steep growth of communication technology and logistics enables it to introduce distributed multi-nation production plants by which different parts are produced by designated plants. Therefore vertical and lateral coordination among decomposed scheduling systems is necessary. No standard coordination mechanism of multiple scheduling systems exists, even though there are various scheduling systems existing in the area of scheduling research. Previous research regarding the coordination mechanism has mainly focused on external conversation without capacity model. Prior research has heavily focuses on agent-based coordination in the area of agent research. Yet, no scheduling domain has been developed. Previous research regarding the agent-based scheduling has paid its ample attention to internal coordination of scheduling process, a process that has not been efficient. In this study, we suggest a general framework for agent-based coordination of multiple scheduling systems in global supply chain. The purpose of this study was to design a standard coordination mechanism. To do so, we first define an individual scheduling agent responsible for their own plants and a meta-level coordination agent involved with each individual scheduling agent. We then suggest variables and values describing the individual scheduling agent and meta-level coordination agent. These variables and values are represented by Backus-Naur Form. Second, we suggest scheduling agent communication protocols for each scheduling agent topology classified into the system architectures, existence or nonexistence of coordinator, and directions of coordination. If there was a coordinating agent, an individual scheduling agent could communicate with another individual agent indirectly through the coordinator. On the other hand, if there was not any coordinating agent existing, an individual scheduling agent should communicate with another individual agent directly. To apply agent communication language specifically to the scheduling coordination domain, we had to additionally define an inner language, a language that suitably expresses scheduling coordination. A scheduling agent communication language is devised for the communication among agents independent of domain. We adopt three message layers which are ACL layer, scheduling coordination layer, and industry-specific layer. The ACL layer is a domain independent outer language layer. The scheduling coordination layer has terms necessary for scheduling coordination. The industry-specific layer expresses the industry specification. Third, in order to improve the efficiency of communication among scheduling agents and avoid possible infinite loops, we suggest a look-ahead load balancing model which supports to monitor participating agents and to analyze the status of the agents. To build the look-ahead load balancing model, the status of participating agents should be monitored. Most of all, the amount of sharing information should be considered. If complete information is collected, updating and maintenance cost of sharing information will be increasing although the frequency of communication will be decreasing. Therefore the level of detail and updating period of sharing information should be decided contingently. By means of this standard coordination mechanism, we can easily model coordination processes of multiple scheduling systems into supply chain. Finally, we apply this mechanism to shipbuilding domain and develop a prototype system which consists of a dock-scheduling agent, four assembly- plant-scheduling agents, and a meta-level coordination agent. A series of experiments using the real world data are used to empirically examine this mechanism. The results of this study show that the effect of agent-based platform on coordinated scheduling is evident in terms of the number of tardy jobs, tardiness, and makespan.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.51-66
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• 1968

During a period of about one year(November '66 to December '67), the Yonsei University College of Medicine conducted a field trial of the oral contraceptive(Ovulen) in order to study its acceptability and use-effectiveness among IUD drop-outs in Koyang county. We can summarize the outstanding findings from this investigation as follows; 1. 61.4% of the IUD drop-outs interviewed (911 women) wanted to use the pill. Most of the reasons for not wanting to use it(352 women) pertained to either use of other contraceptive methods(98) or subfecundity(150) following IUD terminations. Only 83 out of 911 women gave reasons related to the difficulty of obtaining pills. Therefore, we can state that most IUD drop-outs if still in need of a contraceptive methods are in favor of trying the pill, and especially so if this method is conveniently available. 2. The 467 women or 37% of those who terminated IUD use actually visited the clinic for medical screening, and only 11 of them or 2.4% were rejected because of pregnancy and other medical reasons such as cervical erosion, myoma, breast mass, etc. 5.5% or 25 of the 456 women who received the first cycle did not take a single pill during the study period. 3. When we defined those 431 women who accepted and took one or more tablets we found that women over age 30, with 4 or more children, and/or with a higher educational level were the best prospects for recruitment. 4. In accuracy of use, about two thirds of the users started taking the pill on the 5 th day as directed for the first three cycles, but the percentages rose sharply to about 80% in later cycles. Tardiness in starting pill use in the first cycle may have occurred partly because they had to return to the clinic monthly to get each new cycle. Among acceptors who did not quit between cycles, 80 to 90% were regular users, missing two or less tablets in each cycle. 5) More than 60% of the users felt well and sometimes lost their pre-acceptance symptoms. especially dysmenorrhea. However, 27.4% (58 women) had side effects attributable to the pill compund as nausea, vomiting, indigestion, breast tenderness, decreased lactation or breakthrough bleeding. 25.0% (53 women) also complained of medical diseases or symptoms not related to the pill, especially during the first three cycles. However, as the confidence and experience of the client and the field workers grew, the incidence of unrelated medical complaints quickly fell to a lower level in the later cycles. 6. As of the end of this study, on December 31, 1967, 49.2% (212 women) had discontinued the use of the pill for medical reasons as well as for the non medical reasons. Only one case terminated use due to a pregnancy after taking pills. The cumulative continuation rates (by the life table method), were 58.9%, 51.9%, 41.0% at the end of 3 months, 6 months and one year, respectively. These rates are lower than in the U.S. studies. Even when we add the retaking group to the first segment, the continuation rate goes up only about 5% above the first segment rates mentioned above. Possible explanations are different dosages, the newerness of the method and the use of only one point for pill distribution in the country together with a monthly return for cycle 1, 2, 3, and 4-6.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.171-184
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• 2006

According to ISAAA report, the global area of genetically modified (GM) crops increased more than 50 fold during the ten-year period from 1996 to 2005 with a sustained double-digit growth rate of 10%. This biotechnology adoption is one of the highest rates of technology adoption in agriculture history and this phenomenon indicates that the industrial value of the GM crops is highly perspective. In addition, the year 2010, 60% of cereal seeds in the global market would be GM or biotechnology related seeds so that the GM crop regards as the second green revolution that could provide a huge impact to food and agriculture. Nevertheless, there has not been any GM variety ever successfully commercialized in Korea and even none of the GM crops has ever been approved for safety testing by risk assessment. This seems that Korean agriculture industry might be indeed lost in the war of future seed market. However, lots of evidence show that Korean scientists have established advanced technologies and protocols to develop GM crops for last 20 years. Actually there have been many cases of successful transformation of crops that were previously known very difficult in transforming. Therefore, Korean agbiotechnology arena firmly holds an infrastructure for developing GM crops with a superior technology. Then what were the problems? Why has even a single GM crop not been commercialized in Korea? The tardiness shown by business in adopting the GM crop is caused by many factors: academical weakness, poor research funding, short knowledge of risk assessment, public concern, no successful experience, lack of professional leaders on GM variety development, lack of systems toward industrialization and inappropriate target transgenes from the beginning. In order to catch up in the race for the new green industry, each one of us in private sectors alongside academia and national research institutes needs to focus altogether on what can be done best in terms of choosing crops, investing fund and establishing a road map for commercialization of GM crops.