• 대한한의학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.72-81
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• 2021

Objectives: We compared research characteristics of western medicine, Chinese medicine and Korean medicine on causes, mechanisms, types, treatments and prevention of psoriasis. Methods: For western medicine, "Psoriasis" was used as keyword on Pubmed, for Chinese medicine, "銀屑病" and "中医" on CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure" and for Korean medicine, "건선" on OASIS. Keyword searches were done for papers and books published after 2010. For Chinese medicine, there were more in-depth searches done for "從血論 (血熱, 血瘀, 血燥)" and "陽虛症". Results: Western medicine puts an emphasis on the foci, and approaches it from molecular and genetic levels based on molecular biology; while it views psoriasis as a disease with multiple possible causes, it ultimately sees it as an inflammation that is immunity-mediated. Western medicine seeks to suppress cytokine in order to prevent and eliminate inflammation at each stage of treatment While they are effective short-term, psoriasis recurs shortly after. Chinese and Korean medicines categorize psoriasis as an internal comprehensive systemic diseases that encompasses the patient's physical and mental characteristics, and defines it as a disease that has many causes and mechanisms such as "血熱, 血瘀, 血燥" and "陽虛". They use herbal medicine, acupuncture, and lifestyle interventions to improve the overall health of the patient in addition to treating psoriasis. Treatments are effective, but it takes relatively longer to see results, and can recur. Conclusion: In order for more progress to happen on psoriasis treatment, each branch of medicine must exchange knowledge and information more frequently.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제45권7호
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• pp.502-511
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• 2022

Bacterial volatile compounds (BVCs) exert beneficial effects on plant protection both directly and indirectly. Although BVCs have been detected in vitro, their detection in situ remains challenging. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of BVCs detection under in situ condition and estimate the potentials of in situ BVC to plants at below detection limit. We developed a method for detecting BVCs released by the soil bacteria Bacillus velezensis strain GB03 and Streptomyces griseus strain S4-7 in situ using solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). Additionally, we evaluated the BVC detection limit in the rhizosphere and induction of systemic immune response in tomato plants grown in the greenhouse. Two signature BVCs, 2-nonanone and caryolan-1-ol, of GB03 and S4-7 respectively were successfully detected using the soil-vial system. However, these BVCs could not be detected in the rhizosphere pretreated with strains GB03 and S4-7. The detection limit of 2-nonanone in the tomato rhizosphere was 1 µM. Unexpectedly, drench application of 2-nonanone at 10 nM concentration, which is below its detection limit, protected tomato seedlings against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Our finding highlights that BVCs, including 2-nonanone, released by a soil bacterium are functional even when present at a concentration below the detection limit of SPME-GC-MS.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.4.1-4.14
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• 2024

Background: Lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of proliferative enteropathy and is associated with several outbreaks, causing substantial economic loss to the porcine industry. Objectives: In this study, we focused on demonstrating the protective effect in the mouse model through the immunological bases of two vaccine strains against porcine proliferative enteritis. Methods: We used live-attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) secreting two selected immunogenic LI antigens (Lawsonia autotransporter A epitopes and flagellin [FliC]-peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein-FliC) as the vaccine carrier. The constructs were cloned into a Salmonella expression vector (pJHL65) and transformed into the ST strain (JOL912). The expression of immunogenic proteins within Salmonella was evaluated via immunoblotting. Results: Immunizing BALB/c mice orally and subcutaneously induced high levels of LI-specific systemic immunoglobulin G and mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A. In immunized mice, there was significant upregulation of interferon-γ and interleukin-4 cytokine mRNA and an increase in the subpopulations of cluster of differentiation (CD) 4⁺ and CD 8⁺ T lymphocytes upon splenocytes re-stimulation with LI antigens. We observed significant protection in C57BL/6 mice against challenge with 10^6.9 times the median tissue culture infectious dose of LI or 2 × 10⁹ colony-forming units of the virulent ST strain. Immunizing mice with either individual vaccine strains or co-mixture inhibited bacterial proliferation, with a marked reduction in the percentage of mice shedding Lawsonia in their feces. Conclusions: Salmonella-mediated LI gene delivery induces robust humoral and cellular immune reactions, leading to significant protection against LI and salmonellosis.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.9.1-9.8
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• 2021

The most important characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission that makes it difficult to control are 1) asymptomatic and presymptomatic transmission, 2) low incidence or lack of dominant systemic symptoms such as fever, 3) airborne transmission that may need a high infectious dose, and 4) super-spread events (SSEs). Patients with COVID-19 have high viral loads at symptom onset or even a few days prior to symptom onset, and most patients with COVID-19 have only mild respiratory symptoms or merely pauci-/null-symptoms. These characteristics of the virus enable it to easily spread to the community because most patients are unaware of their potential infectivity, and symptom-based control measures cannot prevent this type of transmission. Furthermore, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is also capable of airborne transmission in conditions such as aerosol-generating procedures, under-ventilated indoor spaces, and over-crowded areas. In this context, universal mask-wearing is important to prevent both outward and inward transmission until an adequate degree of herd immunity is achieved through vaccination. Lastly, the SSEs of SARS-CoV-2 transmission emphasize the importance of reducing contacts by limiting social gatherings. The above-mentioned transmission characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 have culminated in the failure of long-lasting quarantine measures, and indicate that only highly effective vaccines can keep the communities safe from this deadly, multifaceted virus.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.297-302
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• 2011

조류병원성 대장균 (APEC)은 가금에서 많은 장관외 질병을 야기한다. 병원성 인자 중 하나인 P-fimbriae 또한 질병과 밀접하게 관련되어 있다. 이번 연구에서 마우스에 P-fimbriae의 subunit 들인 PapA와 PapG를 발현하는 재조합 약독화 Salmonella Typhimurium 백신균주 접종 후 APEC 방어에 필요한 면역반응 유도 여부를 알아보기 위한 실험을 수행하였다. 각 백신 균주로 경구 접종 후 각 항원에 대한 serum IgG 항체 역가는 접종 후 4주째부터 대조군에 비해 항체 역가가 높게 유도되기 시작하여 실험이 끝날 때까지 높은 항체 역가가 계속 유지 되었다. 한번 접종 된 경우보다 추가 접종 된 군에서 보다 높은 항체 역가가 관찰되었다. 더불어 각 항원에 대한 mucosal IgA 역가 또한 높게 유도되었다. 두 균주를 혼합하여 접종 하였을 경우에는 각 백신 균주를 접종하였을 경우보다 높은 serum IgG와 mucosal IgA의 역가가 관찰되었다. 이 결과는 이들 백신 균주가 면역원성이 있음을 확인하는 결과였다. 또한 helper T cells type을 알아보기 위해 IgG1과 IgG2a의 항체 역가를 측정하여 본 결과 각 백신 균주를 접종하였을 경우에는 IgG2a의 항체 역가가 IgG1의 항체 역가 보다 월등히 높은 이들 백신 균주를 접종 하였을 경우에는 Th1-type의 면역 반응이 유도되지만 두 백신 균주를 혼합 접종하였을 경우에는 Th1-과 Th2-type 모두를 유도하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 이 결과를 통해서 이들 두 백신 균주를 혼합 접종 하였을 경우에는 세포성 면역뿐만 아니라 체액성 면역 모두를 유도할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.388-393
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• 2013

Bacillus vallismortis strain EXTN-1은 근권세균으로써 생육촉진 효과와 함께 광범위한 식물 병 방제효과가 보고되어있다. 본 연구에서 EXTN-1으로부터 방출되는 휘발성 유기 화합물도 식물의 생육촉진과 방어시스템에 관여를 하는지 확인하기 위해 수행되었다. I-plate 시스템에서 각기 다른 배지(TSA, LBA, NA, KBA, PDA)에 EXTN-1을 배양하였을 때, KBA배지에서 가장 높은 생육촉진현상이 확인되었고 TSA, LBA, NA, PDA 배지에서도 생육촉진을 확인할 수 있었다. 생육촉진 현상에 $CO_2$가 관여 할 수 있지만 TSA, PDA, LBA의 배지에서는 $CO_2$와의 관계없음을 확인 할 수 있었다. SPME-GC/MS를 이용해 휘발성 유기화합물을 확인한 결과, 가장 많이 방출되는 휘발성 유기화합물은 3-Hydroxy-2- butanone으로 각 농도 (10 ppm~0.001 ppm)에서 생육차이와 발병도를 확인하였다. 1 ppm에서 생육은 무처리에 비해 2.6배 증가한 반면에 0.001 ppm에서 1.2배로 가장 적게 증가하였고 발병도는 10 ppm에서 46%, 0.001 ppm에서 65%로 가장 높게 발병되었지만 무처리(91%)에 비해 낮았다. 이러한 효과는 EXTN-1으로부터 방출되는 휘발성 유기 화합물이 식물의 생육촉진과 병에 대한 저항성 발현에 관여한다고 볼 수 있다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.257-262
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• 1998

발암물질인 benzo(a)pyrene(B(a)P)이 암세포에 대한 세포성 방어능을 나타내는 자연살해(natural killer(NK))세포 활성에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기 위하여 사료를 C57BL/6마우스에 노출시킨 후 NK세포활성을 MTT시험법을 이용하여 측정하였다. 정상 및 시료노출군 마우스의 NK세포활성은 표적세포인 Yac-1세포에 대한 사멸세포백분율(percent dead cell)로서 측정하였다. 정상마우스의 비장세포에 B(a)P를 노출시켰을 때 노출군들은 시료농도에 따른 활성도에 큰 변화는 없었으니 낮은 농도($2.5^{\mu}g/ml$)의 노출에서도 정상에 비하여 현격히 낮은 활성치를 보였다. 정상마우스에 시료를 투여한 후에 분리한 비장세포의 NK세포활성치는 E/T ratio 200/1에서, 1회 투여보다는 2-3회 투여군에서 유의한 감소를 나타냄으로서 반복노출의 효과를 보였다. 본 시험을 통하여 B(a)P는 마우스 면역계에 미치는 효과중 암형성에 지대한 영향을 주는 NK세포활성을 크게 저하시킴을 알 수 있었다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2014

Follicular helper T ($T_{FH}$) cells are recently highlighted as their crucial role for humoral immunity to infection as well as their abnormal control to induce autoimmune disease. During an infection, na$\ddot{i}$ve T cells are differentiating into $T_{FH}$ cells which mediate memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells in germinal center (GC). $T_{FH}$ cells are characterized by their expression of master regulator, Bcl-6, and chemokine receptor, CXCR5, which are essential for the migration of T cells into the B cell follicle. Within the follicle, crosstalk occurs between B cells and $T_{FH}$ cells, leading to class switch recombination and affinity maturation. Various signaling molecules, including cytokines, surface molecules, and transcription factors are involved in $T_{FH}$ cell differentiation. IL-6 and IL-21 cytokine-mediated STAT signaling pathways, including STAT1 and STAT3, are crucial for inducing Bcl-6 expression and $T_{FH}$ cell differentiation. $T_{FH}$ cells express important surface molecules such as ICOS, PD-1, IL-21, BTLA, SAP and CD40L for mediating the interaction between T and B cells. Recently, two types of microRNA (miRNA) were found to be involved in the regulation of $T_{FH}$ cells. The miR-17-92 cluster induces Bcl-6 and $T_{FH}$ cell differentiation, whereas miR-10a negatively regulates Bcl-6 expression in T cells. In addition, follicular regulatory T ($T_{FR}$) cells are studied as thymus-derived $CXCR5^+PD-1^+Foxp3^+\;T_{reg}$ cells that play a significant role in limiting the GC response. Regulation of $T_{FH}$ cell differentiation and the GC reaction via miRNA and $T_{FR}$ cells could be important regulatory mechanisms for maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we review recent studies on the various factors that affect $T_{FH}$ cell differentiation, and the role of $T_{FH}$ cells in autoimmune diseases.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.115-123
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• 2011

Toxoplasma gondii Korean isolate (KI-1) tachyzoites were inoculated intraduodenally to BALB/c mice using a silicon tube, and the course of infection and immune responses of mice were studied. Whereas control mice, that were infected intraperitoneally, died within day 7 post-infection (PI), the intraduodenally infected mice survived until day 9 PI (infection with $1{\times}10^5$ tachyzoites) or day 11 PI (with $1{\times}10^6$ tachyzoites). Based on histopathologic (Giemsa stain) and PCR (B1 gene) studies, it was suggested that tachyzoites, after entering the small intestine, invaded into endothelial cells, divided there, and propagated to other organs. PCR appeared to be more sensitive than histopathology to detect infected organs and tissues. The organisms spread over multiple organs by day 6 PI. However, proliferative responses of splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells in response to con A or Toxoplasma lysate antigen decreased significantly, suggesting immunosuppression. Splenic $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ T-Iymphocytes showed decreases in number until day 9 PI, whereas IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-10 decreased slightly at day 6 PI and returned to normal levels by day 9 PI. No TNF-${\alpha}$ was detected throughout the experimental period. The results showed that intraduodenal infection with KI-1 tachyzoites was successful but did not elicit significant mucosal immunity in mice and allowed dissemination of T. gondii organisms to systemic organs. The immunosuppression of mice included reduced lymphoproliferative responses to splenocytes and MLN cells to mitogen and low production of cytokines, such as IFN-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-10, in response to T. gondii infection.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.308-312
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• 2014

연구에서는 차세대염기서열분석법(Next Generation Sequencing)을 이용하여 상업적으로 농가에 가장 많이 보급되어 있는 요크셔와 랜드레이스를 포함한 두 종의 장내미생물생태 분석을 실시하였다. 박테리아의 16S rRNA 유전자는 분변샘플로부터 추출한 DNA에서 V4 지역을 증폭할 수 있도록 디자인된 유니버설 프라이머 세트를 이용하여 증폭되었다. 두 종에 대한 장내미생물생태 비교분석은 성장단계에 따라 차이를 보이는 반면, 종에 따른 차이는 거의 없다는 것을 확인하였다. 하지만, 두 종간의 장내미생물생태 내에서 특정 미생물의 수가 차이가 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 요크셔는 특히 섬유질 소화를 통해 에너지 생산률을 높여준다고 보고된 바가 있는 Xylanibacter 속(Genus)의 미생물을 많이 포함하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 랜드레이스는 숙주 내에서 면역에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려진 Clostridium_IV 종을 상당히 많이 포함하는 것으로 나타났으며, 반면 요크셔는 기회감염미생물들을 많이 포함하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 요크셔와 랜드레이스를 포함한 두 종간의 장내미 생물생태 비교분석을 통해 그 차이점이 종에 의한 차이보다는 성장단계에 따라 큰 차이가 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 하지만 두 종 사이에서 성장에 영향을 미칠 가능성이 있는 몇 장내미생물의 수가 차이가 있다는 것을 확인하였다.